Problems with the Maastricht Treaty and its Goal to Unify Europe :: European Europe History

Problems with the Maastricht accordance and its Goal to Unify atomic number 63 My position is in opposition of the unification of Europe as proposed underthe Maastricht Treaty, as being beneficial to Europe. We will prove beyonda reasonable doubt the uselessness of the treaty. The main principal ofthe Maastricht Treaty is European Unity. Unity is a nice warm hearted wordwhich infers working towards a goal in harmony. The Maastricht Treatysounds like an ideal proposal on paper, but in reality it cant work. In order to adopt the treaty several countries will have to makesacrifices. No body likes to make sacrifices. Countries with progresseconomies like Germany will have to slow down to accommodate countrys withpoorer economic systems. Nations like England will have to merge theirhigh currency rate with countrys such as Italy, whom atomic number 18 infamous fortheir treasured currency the Lira. No one likes to get the short end of astick - Why should these countries give up some of their prosperity to helpothers? Sure it will be quite an honourable effort but greed is anundisputable human characteristic (and we are talking about the merger offormer economic rivals now in full cooperation) Ultimately, thesecountries concerned with their own interests in mind will disregard thetreaty. For example, during the choke several weeks in defiance of thetreaty Britain lowered it interest rates while Germany raised theirs. Bothto accommodate their own separate economies This sort of unison does notseem to me to set an example from which to abide by in the future. Under the Maastricht Treaty one body will govern and regulate both(prenominal)economic and political concerns. I find it hard to comprehend how onegoverning body can do the work of twelve individual governments in acontinent whose culture and society are so diverse. If the nations now areincapable of settling their internal problems how can shifting the immense file to a smaller less experienced group do anything but furthercomplicate the situation. Sure it may be easier to decide upon a loose ofaction - but controversial issues may only intensify or multiply if notcarefully and appropriately addressed. The proof of such a mischance betweenvarious ethnic groups and a detached government is the current intensifyingconflict between different ethnic group in Yugoslavia, safe next door toGreece. The Maastricht treaty also provides for the joint creation of a

The Many Benefits of the Parole System Essay -- provisional release fr

watchword can be defined as the provisional release of an con game from prison after serving a portion of a prison sentence. Within the United States, unloose was originally apply near the end of the American Civil War when the United States would talk discuss releasing the people that they on-line(prenominal)ly had in captivity if they had verbally promised along with a written pack not to return to the enemy base to continue to fight in the war efforts. During the 19th century in England, discussion was known to have been called transportation, which entailed move the offender away to live in exile (Whitehead, 101). Nowadays in the United States, parole is utilized in more states and nearly 853,900 had a current status of being on parole in the end of 2011(United States). There atomic number 18 many terms and conditions that essential be followed while on parole and if these rules are disobeyed, then the parolee will be sent back to prison to finish their pris on sentence that they were given over at the beginning when offset printing serving their time. Another way parole can be beneficial to the Criminal referee System is be vitrine it allows prisons to budget protrude there money by keeping a fewer number of non-dangerous offenders in prison and allowing the more violent and dangerous offenders space in the prison. Parole should not be abolished because it allows for non-violent offenders a second chance living in the confederation while providing society with many financial benefits.There are detail rules and restrictions that a parolee must agree to and abide by in order to be eligible for parole. The decision whether an inmate is eligible for parole is a decision made by a parole board which is part of the part of Corrections, making the parole system all... ...help of their parole officer and also the community. Parolees are allowed to live in their community with strict restrictions so they are less likely to commit a crime. Overall, parole has many positive benefits and if it were to be abolished I think that it will cause more harm both financially and physically due to the stresses that it would cause in the jails.Works CitedMartinez. Abolishing Parole For Offenders Sentenced To Prison For waste Offenses Impact Analysis. n.p. 1995. Criminal Justice Abstracts. Web. 8 Oct. 2014.United States. Bureau of Justice Statistics. Office of Justice Programs. Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS). By Erika. N.p., 29 Nov. 2012. Web. 02 Oct. 2014.United States. Department of Corrections. Executive Office of in the public eye(predicate) Safety and Security. Frequently Asked Questions about the DOC. N.p., Aug. 2012. Web. 08 Oct. 2014. The Many Benefits of the Parole System Essay -- provisional release fr Parole can be defined as the provisional release of an inmate from prison after serving a portion of a prison sentence. Within the United States, parole was originally used near the en d of the American Civil War when the United States would talk discuss releasing the people that they currently had in captivity if they had verbally promised along with a written contract not to return to the enemy base to continue to fight in the war efforts. During the 19th century in England, parole was known to have been called transportation, which entailed sending the offender away to live in exile (Whitehead, 101). Nowadays in the United States, parole is utilized in many states and nearly 853,900 had a current status of being on parole in the end of 2011(United States). There are many terms and conditions that must be followed while on parole and if these rules are disobeyed, then the parolee will be sent back to prison to finish their prison sentence that they were given at the beginning when first serving their time. Another way parole can be beneficial to the Criminal Justice System is because it allows prisons to budget out there money by keeping a fewer number of n on-dangerous offenders in prison and allowing the more violent and dangerous offenders space in the prison. Parole should not be abolished because it allows for non-violent offenders a second chance living in the community while providing society with many financial benefits.There are specific rules and restrictions that a parolee must agree to and abide by in order to be eligible for parole. The decision whether an inmate is eligible for parole is a decision made by a parole board which is part of the Department of Corrections, making the parole system all... ...help of their parole officer and also the community. Parolees are allowed to live in their community with strict restrictions so they are less likely to commit a crime. Overall, parole has many positive benefits and if it were to be abolished I think that it will cause more harm both financially and physically due to the stresses that it would cause in the jails.Works CitedMartinez. Abolishing Parole For Offenders Sent enced To Prison For Violent Offenses Impact Analysis. n.p. 1995. Criminal Justice Abstracts. Web. 8 Oct. 2014.United States. Bureau of Justice Statistics. Office of Justice Programs. Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS). By Erika. N.p., 29 Nov. 2012. Web. 02 Oct. 2014.United States. Department of Corrections. Executive Office of Public Safety and Security. Frequently Asked Questions about the DOC. N.p., Aug. 2012. Web. 08 Oct. 2014.

The Age of Technology Essay -- Technology Society Information Essays P

The Age of TechnologyFrom the time you are born until the day you die one thing will remain eonian and that is the progress of technology. Everyday there is something new brought into our world. Whether it be a revision of an old technology or just a new discovery, it doesnt matter, there is evermore progress. Today we live in a culture where technology has effected everything. Technology has come in to play a role in religion, science, and even the imitation of humankind. Today it is hard to find one thing that technology does not play a role in. With technology there is always progress and until the end of time it will always be in motion. Recently, I have had to do some query concerning the progress of technology and its effects on humankind throughout history. Throughout my research one thing became obvious to me and that is technology, in a short period of time, has progressed drastically. Whether you agree with the record that Cain was the first inventor(Genesis 4) or simp ly believe in the mythological character Thamus, it doesnt matter. Somehow and somewhere technology began and since then it has never stopped growing. To research this topic I went to a cultural critic who is an expert in analyzing technologys effect on culture. In the technological world Neil immune carrier is a well regarded as a cultural critic for his opinion and for his view of technology today. He is also known for other sustains such as, The disappearance of Childhood, and Crazy Talk, Stupid Talk. The book that I concentrated on was a book entitled Technopoly The Surrender of Culture to Technology. In this book Neil mailman reasons that at long last the technological world will render us more harm, than benefit. Also, he goes on at length abou... ...ngulfed him with technology and now lives in a technopoly. Postman went on to show that today for every old world belief there is a technological answer. Man, no longer needs to depend on his culture, rather he could depend on technology. For prayer, he would take penicillin. For reading, just switch on the television and for sin all you need is psychotherapy. You can take on clearly that man has left their God entirely. He went from total dependency to total independence, just as Cain did. I believe that throughout the whole book of Technopoly, Mr. Postmans stressed one thing the most and that is that man has left God, has replaced God, and realizes that unless something is done to bring man back, he has surrendered his life to technology. BIBLIOGRAPHY TECHNOPOLY THE SURRENDER OF goal TO TECHNOLOGY. Neil Postman. Random House Inc. NEW YORK. C1992

Essay --

well-mannered War EssayBefore 1861, no one in the USA ever imagined that their country would be torn apart by a savage civil war that would cost over 620,000 lives and shake the foundations of our government to the roots. The American Civil War had umteen causes, famous battles, influential figures, and outcomes. As of the 1850s the Mason-Dixon Line separated the North from the South, even as Lincoln and the rest of the government tried to keep the country together. Their outmatch efforts failed, and America was thrust into a bloody civil war. The Civil War re altogethery began, though, in peoples minds, as the most important causes all began...with a debate. thralldom was one of the factors that played a key role in the causes of the Civil War. The Missouri Compromise was a debate began as to whether Maine and Missouri would write in code the northward as free or slave states. To be fair to the rule of the Mason-Dixon Line, Maine was admitted as a free state, and Missouri, even though it was also in the north, would enter as a slave state. The Compromise of 1850 dealt with whether California, Utah, and New Mexico would be slave or free. California was admitted as a free state, but since it made the balance of slave to free states unequal, it also stated that the territories of New Mexico and Utah would determine for themselves whether to become slave or free states.(Wise) The Kansas-Nebraska Act decided that any ground that became a state would have the right to vote on whether it would be slave or free, which made Northerners angry because it changed the terms of the Missouri Compromise. The constant flow of the issue of slavery grew during the years leading up to the war, as the Missouri Compromise, the Compromise of 1859, and the Kansas-Nebraska act con... ...t a few days after the end of the war, and Lees dip marked the end of the Civil War and slavery. Each of these outcomes had a significant effect over the years to come in American history. T he American Civil wars causes, influential figures, bloody battles, and outcomes will and have left a mark on history forever. It shaped Americas future and redefined the phrase all men ar created equal as well as being a precursor for the Civil Rights Movement a century later. The Civil War made all people consider their Nations stability and woke them up to the reality of civil war that would repeat in other countries again and again. America came out of it a beaten-up and bruised yet stronger still country, and to this day it strives to maintain this caliber of honor and strength. It seems the saying,no pain, no gain, has been made manifest in American history.

Dont Hate the Kandy Kid :: essays research papers

What is it more or less kandy kids that everyone finds so annoying? Like a lot of the great unwashed, when I was firstborn introduced to the scene I chose to be kandy. I found these cute, fuzzy, happy kids to be the greatest people ever. While I felt like everyone else was black at me for being a new "raver", these kids were more than happy to welcome me with a smile and a hug. How could I NOT want to be like them? I was terrified of my first party the loud music, the mean looking people always bumping into you, and lets not forget the bathrooms Then I got my first bracelet yes, my first piece of kandy. Almost every kandy kid still has it I loved the idea that someone had made this bracelet so that the soulfulness they gave it to would always remember them. I felt as though someone actually wanted me to be at that party. After that, I went home and started beading. Sure, I started out with a few bracelets, but soon I was cruising to parties with a minimum of 80 up my arm s I had the colorful outfit, beads everywhere, and the friendly attitude. I learned to "nordictrack" or "chopstick" with the best of them, I bumped Trance in my car 24/7, and I partied every weekend. I could not get bounteous of these people. I learned neat little light tricks for all the e-tards, and made it my goal to improve the night for as many people as possible. This is what party was all about for me. I could be happy doing this forever. I didnt understand then, and I still dont now.why do people hate kandy kids? Whats not to love about these people? Here you have groups of kids that not only preach the rave motto P.L.U.R., but also practice it. They spend hours making bracelets for other people just so they can spread the love. They come to parties with the best attitudes, the brightest smiles, and the brightest clothes, just so they can make other people happy. If they see someone thats down, they exalt them up. If someone isnt having a good time at a p arty, theyll be the first ones to try and make it better. If they see someone rolling, theyll be the first to shit you a hug Yet people still dislike us.

Dont Hate the Kandy Kid :: essays research papers

What is it ab unwrap kandy kids that everyone finds so annoying? Like a lot of good deal, when I was get-go introduced to the scene I chose to be kandy. I found these cute, fuzzy, happy kids to be the greatest people ever. While I felt worry everyone else was angry at me for being a new "raver", these kids were more than happy to welcome me with a smile and a hug. How could I NOT want to be like them? I was terrified of my first party the loud music, the mean looking people etern all toldy bumping into you, and lets not forget the bathrooms Then I got my first watch bracelet yes, my first piece of kandy. Almost every kandy kid still has it I loved the idea that somebody had made this bracelet so that the person they gave it to would always remember them. I felt as though someone actually wanted me to be at that party. After that, I went home and started beading. Sure, I started out with a few bracelets, but soon I was cruising to parties with a minimum of 80 up my arms I had the colorful outfit, beads everywhere, and the friendly attitude. I learned to "nordictrack" or "chopstick" with the best of them, I bumped Trance in my car 24/7, and I partied every weekend. I could not get enough of these people. I learned neat little light tricks for all the e-tards, and made it my goal to improve the night for as many people as possible. This is what raving was all about for me. I could be happy doing this forever. I didnt understand then, and I still dont now.why do people hate kandy kids? Whats not to love about these people? Here you have groups of kids that not only preach the rave motto P.L.U.R., but also practice it. They spend hours making bracelets for other people ripe so they can spread the love. They come to parties with the best attitudes, the brightest smiles, and the brightest clothes, just so they can make other people happy. If they see someone thats down, they cheer them up. If someone isnt having a good time at a party, t heyll be the first ones to try and make it better. If they see someone rolling, theyll be the first to give you a hug Yet people still dislike us.

Mahathir’s Foreign Policy

The Foreign Policy of Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad during his premiership During eighties of last century, Malaysia was not widely known by the world. Only a few of politicians might expose about Malaysia not as an economic power, but as an agricultural country which is the main supplier of crude palm oil. This situation changed when Tun Dr. Mahathir became the fourth prime(a) Minister of Malaysia who has changed how the world judges and treats Malaysia. Besides of Tun Dr. Mahathirs enormous contribution on economic sector, in foreign affairs also Tun Dr. Mahathir was also a giant of the times during his premiership.During his 22 years of premiership, he successfully transform Malaysia become one of the Tiger Cub Economies after Four Asian Tigers. As one of the important spokesman in Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), he aggressively promotes overall construction of ASEAN countries. This is a significant step to ensure the benefits of comminuted countries are being protec ted by forming a unified action guideline when having disputes with great power. In order to against with European Union and Organization of American States, there is a need for Asia countries to form regional alliances to protect loose countries benefits.This is what exactly the purpose of founding ASEAN. In spite of Tun Dr. Mahathir was not welcomed by western sandwich country during his premiership, yet his Look East Policy has inspired many Asia countries to learn from Japan and South Korea, not only blindly followed what western countries obligate done. This is highly related with Asian values, where it has catalyzed the progress of Look East Policy. In fact, Tun Dr. Mahathir did not neglect the influences of western country especially United States of America. He desire that USA is the main reason to ensure peaceful of Southeast Asia region, the deployment of the U.S. fleet in the Pacific is necessary yet at the same time he insist that no massive troops should be deployment at ASEAN. This is actually how Tun Dr. Mahathir weighs the influences of USA to benefit Malaysia and other ASEAN countries. Early in this century, as a conscious leader in Islamic world Tun Dr. Mahathir encourages the unity of Islamic world towards greater prosperity. He has been anti-state terrorism and anti-war all along his premiership and after Incident 911, he has suggested USA to set up a counterterrorism center in Malaysia.In issues of Israel and Jews, Tun Dr. Mahathir was a staunch supporter of Palestinian cause and he also named Israel as the oppositeness allied with most powerful nations. He condemns Israel who killed thousands of Muslims while some Jews are supporters to those killers. As a summary, the overall foreign policy under Tun Dr. Mahathir premiership is basically regional approach where most of his foreign policy is targeting prosperity of entire Southeast Asia. In spite many condemns from many people, yet Tun Dr. Mahathir still an excellence diplomatist in heart of Malaysians.

Organisational Devlopment: Levels of Diagnosis Essay

It is pointless conducting diagnosing at the individual direct, because most issues tidy sum be addressed at the judicature and theme aim. Discuss. Within modern business practices continual evolution is essential for presbyopic term organisational outcomes. With economic pressures, a growing demand for perceptibly affectionate and environmental responsibility and an increasingly focus towards international and world completely-embracing trade, modern organizations atomic number 18 confronted with an almost constant need for change (Waddell, Cummings and Worley, 2007).Thus it is significant for leaders to have a sound understanding of change issues and theories (Waddell, 2002). Organisational development (OD) is described as a systematic application of behavioral science acquaintance to the planned development and reinforcement of organizational structures, processes and strategies for improving organisational trenchantness (Waddell et al. , 2007). Diagnosis it an integra l part of successful OD implementation and is performed on one or much levels including individual, group and organisational diagnosis.Thus for successful long term outcomes it is necessary to investigate the role of diagnosis in spite of appearance successful OD implementation, with a focus on individual level diagnosis in contrast to two group and organisational. Diagnosis within organisation development is described as an intervention that develops study about the various subsystems of an organisation as well as the patterns and processes that take part in an organisation (Beckhard, 1969). Similarly, Waddell et al. 2007) depict diagnosis as the process of understanding how the organisation is currently functioning, in order to successfully develop change intervention. Thus within modern firms this process develops insight for two the client and OD coordinator into the functioning and efficiency on individual, group and organisational levels. Aldefer and Brown (1975) suggest that the process of diagnosis also serves to motivate organisational members to engage in change. Nadler (1977) reinforces this, enactment that diagnosis provides employees or members with a direction for change.As such, diagnosis within OD has been described as the key in developing successful interventions (Burton & Obel, 2004). As well the diagnostic process is referred to as collaborative between OD consultant and client (Stacey, 2007), in which the two parties work together to develop attain plans for effective change process. Waddell et al. (2007) reinforces this suggesting that the values and ethics that underlie OD suggest that both change agents and organisational members should be involved in developing and implementing appropriate interventions.Organisations, when viewed as open systems can be diagnosed as three levels, including organisation, group and individual (Waddell et al. , (2007). The highest level is the organisational level and includes the excogitate of the organisations structure, strategy and processes. The neighboring level consists of groups or departments within the organisational structure, including group design and interaction devices. The lowest level of organisational diagnosis is the individual level, including job design and personnel characteristics.Todnem (2005) suggest organisational diagnosis can occur at all three levels or it may be limited to problems that occur at a single level. For example, if there was a problem with output giveing from a single job design there would be only need for individual level diagnosis. Similarly Coghlan (1994) illustrates that the key to effective diagnosis is to know what to image for at each level, as well as how the levels affect each a nonher(prenominal). Waddel et al. (2007) depict the organisational level of diagnosis as the broadest systems perspective that is typically taken in diagnostic activities.This level focuses on the organisation against inputs such as the general e nvironment and industry structure to achieve outputs such as executing, efficiency and stakeholder expiation through strategy and organisational design. Todnem (2005) suggests that design components within this level can also include HRM, culture and technology. Similarly the general environment can include a vast amount of overbold variables including social, technological, economical, ecological and political (Stahl, 1997). Thus this level provides a broad basis for diagnosis within the largest environment.As such this level of diagnosis is most crucial when designing or redesigning action plans focused around the organisation as a whole. These strategies may include organisational goals and objectives, mission or organisational policies. (Waddell et al. (2007). Modern organizations are developing action plans in order to change practices to incorporate environmental and social responsibility. These plans and interventions designed at achieving change include organisational wid e strategies, such as redesigning business understructure as well as changing major mission values/goals and policies within those companies.An example of integrating effective organisatinoal diagnosis is RIO TINTOs continual development and change towards more sustainable, environmentally responsible mining processes in order for long term outcomes (RIO TINTO, 2010). Through immaterial forces or inputs they developed and integrated various interventions to re exemplification major sectors within the firm completely. Thus developing and maintaining successful strategic design requires effective organisational diagnosis.The next level of diagnosis is group, and can apply to both larger operating division of firms such as BHP Billiton, or to smaller departments within organisations (Waddell et al. , 2007). Coghlan (1994) depicts that division or larger groups within such multinational firms generally follow the same dimension and relational fits applicable to organisational level de velopment. Inversely Waddell et al. (2007) suggest that small departments and groups gestate differently from larger divisions or organisations and thus require a suitable diagnostic model to reflect those dimensions.As such, group level diagnosis consists of organisational design as an input, consequenting in outputs of team effectiveness through design components such as task structure, group functioning, performance norms, group com amaze and goal clarity. Stahl (1997) describes group diagnosis as relative to a small number of people working face to face on a shared task or program. Laser (1995) suggests supportive organisational design is crucial for effective groups to operate. Harrison and Shirom (1999) reinforce this line drawing that group structure and components are exceedingly interrelated to organisational wide strategy and design. closing clarity is a major design component within group level diagnosis, and refers to how well the group understands its objectives. Wad dell et al. (2007) suggest that goals should be understood by all members, moderately challenging, measurable, and monitored and, have structure for providing feedback of achievement. An example may include group targets for sales teams. Stahl (1997) illustrates that goal clarity is of crucial importance to successful group outcomes. Coghlan (1994) reinforces this depicting that clear goals provide motivation and direction to group dynamics.Group level diagnosis is considered a more specific approach to an internalized problem than organisational diagnosis and can include problem solving groups built for a specific function (Stahl, 1997). However organisational and group levels remain highly interrelated through organisational design. The lowest level of diagnosis is the individual job or position. Waddel et al. (2007) suggest that organisations are made up of numerous groups and in turn, those groups are composed of several positions.Callan (1993) depicts individual diagnosis as hi ghly condition and dynamic. Similarily Stahl (1997) described the individual level diagnosis as having a minimal effect on the organization as a whole. As the individual level focuses on a single job design it requires a new model of job-level diagnosis (Waddell et al. , 2007). The inputs within this level are organisational design, group design and personnel characteristics, and the resulting outputs aimed at achieving are individual effectiveness, through performance, job satisfaction and individual development.The design components utilized to transform the inputs within this model are skill variety, task identity, autonomy, task significance and feedback about results. Coghlan (1994) suggests that effective feedback mechanisms are crucial to continual intervention and employee development. Feedback refers to the degree to which employees are provided with clear information about performance and effectives of their activities (Waddell et al. , 2007). Such mechanisms could includ e both formal and informal methods such as casual on the spot feedback or yearly performance appraisals.Conversely Callan (1993) depicts task significance as a major influence on outcomes within the individual level, suggesting that the level to which the employees job impacts on other peoples lives has a powerful affect on resulted outcomes. Individual level changes and restructuring can result in higher outcomes of individuals position through higher individual interest and personnel investment in their jobs (Waddell et al. , 2007). As well higher productivity on an individual level transfers to more successful organisational outcomes, and thus benefits both the workers and the firm.The importance of diagnosis on an individual level can be relatively debatable dependent on organisational type, infrastructure and individual job function (Mclean, 2005). Individual level diagnosis relies on organisational design, group design and personal characteristics for transference into output s (Waddle et al. 2007). Thus this job level is highly interrelated and dependent on the effectiveness of the design components of both organisational and group level.Hence, effective intervention development within the first two levels of diagnosis would result in a large proportion of successful outputs on an individual level (Harrison and Shirom, 1999). Conversely personal characteristics can include dynamic and uncontrollable extraneous variables which may result in a varied output on the job level. (Burton & Obel, 2004). Thus in order to limit a varied result within output it may be necessary to conduct individual diagnosis of job design relevant to the specific problem or concern.As well Mclean (2005) emphasizes the importance of employee satisfaction in relation to staff turnover in order for long term development and organisational outcomes. Waddel et al. (2007) reinforce this depicting a two sided relationship between employee satisfaction and interest and the consequential favorable outcomes for the firm. Cobb (1986) illustrates that redesigning individual level jobs can be crucial for successful outcomes within specified problems. As well Beer and Spector (1993) suggest that the success of OD interventions rely heavily on the accuracy of diagnosis within organisations.Thus for a higher luck of favorable outcomes for developed interventions it is necessary to conduct diagnosis over all three levels. Organisational development is a critical process for both short and long term outcomes within modern business practice. With growing economic, social and environmental pressure, there is a greater need for organisational change than ever before. Successful OD is heavily reliant on the effectiveness of diagnosis within an organisation in order to develop appropriate interventions to develop change within the firm. alone three levels of diagnosis within OD are important to developing effective mechanisms for change. Organisational diagnosis is more responsiv e to external influences and direct pressure for both social and environmental concerns. However both group and individual levels are highly interrelated with the success of change interventions and in particular the development of productivity and efficiency to provide support against the economic strain. Individual level diagnosis is highly interrelated within the other levels and as such may not be necessary within some OD applications.

Agriculture Industry Overview

Industry Overview From the birth of the nation, farming has played a crucial role in the U. S. economy. Initially European agricultural practices were adopted while settlers from the welkin began to populate the Americas. Agriculture in Colonial America was important to society because it was the primary livelihood for 90% of the population, and most of the farms were specifically used to create nutriment for family use. As settlers moved west, they took advantage of the cooler climate to grow wheat, leading to the wheat frontier. In the south, cotton and tobacco served as the regions cash crop.Industrialization and urbanization curtly changed the agricultural industry into a lucrative market. The lucrative agricultural market has attracted over twenty two million American workers to produce, process, sell and trade the nations f atomic number 18 and fiber. Currently there are only 4. 6 million people who actually live on a farm. These farmers earn a fourth of the food profit, while the remaining profit is used for costs beyond the farm gate wages and materials for production, processing, marketing, transportation and distribution.Forty-two percent of Americas total country area is still actively used as farmland, which mainly yields soybeans, wheat, and corn. Livestock is also raised on the land and primarily includes dairy/beef cattle, swine, poultry, and sheep. customer preferences regarding agriculture have also affected the industry. Todays customers are to a greater extent health conscious. Consumers now prefer the limited use of pesticides, hormones, and other chemicals. Family farms are able to produce the preferred organic products, but for an increased price.Although consumers prefer the family farm because it fits their vision for good food, the corporate farms must exist in lay out to provide for the outgrowth population. Even though corporate farms are allowed to use chemicals, they must use the crop protectants effectively and safely, in amounts that are no more than what is necessary to combat pests and diseases. Governance of the agricultural industry is both and federal and local responsibility. The U. S. Farm Bill is the primary agricultural and food policy shit of the federal government.United States Department of Agriculture reviews the comprehensive omnibus bill almost every five years and then passes necessary amendments through congress. The laws and government turn out are very different for the agricultural industry compared to other industries. For example, the U. S. provides aid for agriculture including research into crop types and regional suitability as well as many kinds of subsidies, some price supports and loan programs. Also farmers are not subject to production quotas.Lastly workplace laws regarding child labor and immigrant labor are super lax in the agricultural industry. Exemptions are made for children working on their family farm, and immigrants can more easily acquire agricultural work permits. Economic conditions for the early(prenominal) several years have been poor. Even though other industries are suffering, the agricultural industry is thriving. The dollar depreciation actually allowed for cheaper prices for foreign countries, and therefore caused exports to increase.The growing population and limited land in Asia has also caused an increased number of exports from the U. S. agricultural industry. Russia recently experienced unusually high temperatures that caused a drought and killed a majority of the crops. The U. S. will be able to use this event to their advantage to once again increase exports. In order to take advantage of opportunities at bottom the industry, farms can expect to increase the agricultural output in order to make a larger profit.

Activity Based Costing

Probably the most popular proposal to upgrade the traditional toll accounting system is activity-based be (ABC). The purpose of ABC systems is to focus on the causes behind substantiative make ups. It is primarily a system of allocation. Activities rather than traditional departments are emphasized in order to isolate the speak to drivers, which are the factors most likely to cause or contribute to the incurrence of costs. ABC systems are designed to be complementary with the technological changes in the factories due to enhanced global competition. t refers to the basis for cost accumulation, either level or indirect, to products or services.The traditional shape up to assigning costs to products is to attach those costs that are directly traceable to the product and allocate the indirect costs by a measure of volume, a lot(prenominal) as direct grok hours, direct labor dollars, or machine hours. According to Anderson and Kaplan (2004), a cardinal principle of ABC is thi s if products or services are made to specifications known to add value for the customer, then activities, and hence costs, that ass be removed without compromising these specifications are unnecessary and should be removed. Benefits of ABC Systems to CompaniesCompanies can benefit from ABC through the systems attempt to improve the allocation of indirect costs by identifying the activities that are responsible for the costs. Costs and expenses that cannot be economically traced directly to a cost objective are to be allocated on a rational basis. Costs and expenses that can be directly traced to a tax revenue-producing division, a single product line, or to any defined cost objective need not be allocated. Traditionally, only direct materials and direct labor were assumed to be directly traceable to separate product lines.That assumption will no longer be followed. Instead, it will be assumed that elements of manufacturing overhead, administrative expenses, and marketing expenses may be economically traced to product lines, or revenue-producing divisions. ABC as a process-based approach represents one capital budgeting strategy for analyzing investment opportunities which allows managers to alter the underlying activity drivers in business processes in order to study the impact of different levels in the process itself.Managers bear the potential to learn much more about investment risks when they study the uncertainties in the business processes, rather than the traditional overview approach. This traditional approach has typically focused upon highly aggregated revenue and cost items that are merely the result of business processes. Contemporary organizations normally develop activity-based costing systems to provide more accuracy in assigning indirect and choose got costs to activities, business processes, products, services, and customers.ABC systems have recognized that organizational resources are needed both for direct production of goods and ser vices and for indirect or support activities (Neely, 2002). The goal of organizations is for the ABC to measure and then price out all the resources used for activities that generate the production off and services for customers. The principal difference mingled with the traditional costing methods and ABC systems is the number and type of cost drivers used.The traditional product costing systems uses allocation bases that may or may not have been cost drivers. Companies may find that direct labor is not a cost driver and may never be a cost driver, peculiarly in highly automated production environments. Therefore, these companies utilize the ABC system because it uses a much larger number and variety of cost drivers than the one or two volume-based cost drivers typical for a traditional cost system. As a result the ABC method increases accuracy. Application and Benefits of ABC in the Pilgrims Manufacturing Inc.Company Activity-based costing system is effective and appropriate for the company because, as Hammer and Champy (1993) state, it facilitates the use of process-based management that represents an evolving management strategy for highly competitive environments, as opposed to the traditional, departmental management focus. Moreover, activity-based costing focuses upon the broader control span of cross-functional processes of how work really gets done in organizations, as opposed to the narrow control span of individual departments of organizations. production line processes have been discussed as a series of activities that are cross-functionally linked to achieve specific organizational objectives. An activity-based costing system should be developed within the company to assemble some of the weaknesses of the traditional systems of accounting for and controlling costs. It is important to recognize the place of ABC systems in the overall picture of cost management. In traditional cost systems, direct materials and labor are the only costs traced dir ectly to the product.Manufacturing overhead costs, by definition, are not traced, but allocated to the product. They may be traced to an activity or a service department or some other cost objective, but not to the product itself. Administrative, engineering and marketing expenses are not include in production costs even when they can be traced directly to the product. ABC along with other new concepts such as computer-integrated manufacturing and total cost management advocate changes in the traditional system to coincide with technological changes in the production process.Once the factory has been reorganized to provide maximum efficiency and minimal wasted resources, the cost system can be streamlined to serve the needs of managers, not just to satisfy the presentation of data in the monetary statements. ABC seeks to identify activities that cause or drive costs. Once these activities are identified, product costs are assigned according to the activities consumed. Typical acti vities would be storage time, wait time, number of setups, number of engineering changes, and move time.The traditional cost system usually assumes that the only relevant activities are volume (measured in units of product), direct labor hours, or direct labor dollars. ABC expands these activities and claims better assignment of overhead as a result. WORKS CITED 1. Anderson, S. & Kaplan, R. (2004). Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing. Harvard Business Review, November, pp. 131-138. 2. Hammer, M. & Champy, J. (1993). Reengineering the Corporation. New York, NY Harper Business. 3. Neely, A. (2002). Business Performance Measurement Theory and Practice. Cambridge University Press.

Equality and Diversity Essay

It would be very discouraging for electric shaverren to be subjected to discriminatory beliefs that are held by either myself or other teachers for deterrent example my cousin wanted to be a ballet dancer when he was a child but later teasing from other members of the family suggesting that dancing is unless for girls and gay men he did non continue to attend classes. This was something that he regrets as it was a dream of his and now he has grown up he wishes he had been encouraged to dance. By taking any of families or, friends or even my own beliefs in to school is unfair on the children I am there to support.They could be made to feel that if because of their background or who they are means they cannot aspire to be what they want to be so result not reach to achieve their full potential.As with another example my father-in-law is sexist and believes that a womans place is in the home cooking, cleaning and looking after the children and if I was to take that to school with me I could treat the girls differently dismissing their work and only encouraging the boys, giving the girls the false idea of they are not undecomposed enough. For example Both men and women teachers have low expectations of girls intellectual skills since it is thought that girls are inherently less intelligent than boys (www.right-to-education.org)The support I give the children should be fair and equal in order for every child to feel safe, an equal part of society and that they are worthwhile. Each child should feel that their opinions wait and that they have a voice that should be heard, they should not feel excluded or feel that they can exclude any other person because their race, religion, background, sex as this can affect their self-esteem, their confidence and will in turn effect their learning as proved by Jane Elliot in the brown eyed-blue eyed experiment(The Eye of The Storm) in 1968 where the children wearing the collar (to show they were the lesser pupils) took lo nger than they did the day before when they werent wearing the collars in a card bear reading practice. The children had low expectations of themselves and their body language changed (they looked shrunkeninto themselves).To challenge discriminatory behaviour there are many different methods that could be used for different types of contrariety for example if I heard a child being racist, calling each other names such as paki I would go to them dependable away and utter Excuse me children I heard what you just said why are you calling each other names? We dont use language like that at school how do you think that has made Ron feel?What do you think would be right thing to say to him.It is my responsibility and I am legally obliged as a T.A to challenge any kind of discriminatory behaviour. If there were problems in the playground at lunchtime when the boys were excluding the girls from football at lunchtime I could make changes to the playground so I would have an assembly to explain to the children why they would be having a week plan for the use of the footballing area and it would be as follows Monday Girls only netball.TuesdayBoys only football.Wednesday Mixed netball.Thursday Mixed football.Friday Something completely diffrerent, a team building mealy to get them working together.After this I would find from them what has worked well and what hasnt.If children in year7 were sending offensive emails I would use the computer to suite to get them to research the consequences of their actions which they will then present to the class or in assembly. This would give them an insight into how such behaviour can affect the victims, they would also be made to beg off to the person or people they were harassing. In conclusion by not discriminating we give every child the same opportunities and support them equally, every child has the same right to an education no matter their background, race, religion, sex or disability. Children will have confidence in w ho they are and will be much productive in the classroom. Excellent and thoughtful answer. This also covers 4.2.5 just add this at the top of the page. SJ 4.3.13

Financial statement analysis Essay

Financial statement analysis is a process which examines past and afoot(predicate) fiscal data for the purpose of evaluating execution and projecting future risks and capableness of a lodge.Financial statement analysis is used by various people and companies for different reasons, e.g. investors, creditors, lending officers, managers, employees and many former(a) parties who rely on financial data for making economic decisions about a club.The objective of this David Jones financial statement analysis is to identify the phoners mental process issues, to provide suggestions and recommendations by employing the Ratio Analysis method and analysing pelfability, efficiency, Short and Long term Solvency, and by using Market Based Ratios.The following report outlines the financial performance of David Jones expressage based on the FY2011 & FY2012 one-year Reports. The key stones throws used to assess company performance atomic number 18 Profitability, Efficiency, Short & Long-te rm Solvency and Market-Based Ratios. David Jones has performed well in a fewer areas which include having solid silver flows, low debt, a strong balance sheet and assets in eyeshade locations however there is definite room for return with regards to sales performance, and it needs to address the high terms of sales and sluggish caudex in order to turn more or less company profitability and performance.We afford studied your 2011 and 2012 financial reports and statements and can see that your companys sales performance has been declining year on year. Sales revenue for FY2012 was tidy sum -4.8% when compared to FY2011, and FY2011 sales were down -4.45% vs. FY2010.Your chairman and management have blamed this on the depressed consumer sentiment and breakthd global competition as a return of the strong Australian currency. The uncertainty of Europe and USA and volatility in global equity market have contributed to a general noticeing of uncertainty, the strong Australian sawbuck also contributed to price deflation and encouraged spending offshore. (page 2, Annual Report)ProfitabilityIn FY2012, all measures of profitability were considerably down on last year. revenue Profit was down from $767m to $670m, and the Gross Profit margin (GP %) was down 160bp to 37.5% (-4.2% on FY2011 39.1%). The poor GP % has been the take of discounting in a militant environs and dealing with plain farm animal on hand at the commencement of FY2012 (page 5, Annual Report).When compared to your main(prenominal) competitor Myer (Market Capitalization 1.59b1 Vs. DJS 1.477b2), there is a large variance between the Gross Profit marges of the two companies (Myer GP % FY2012 49.3%3, +160bp from previous year, DJs-FY2012 37.47% -160bp). This can be attributed to Myers ofttimes lower Cost of Goods Sold (COGS) (Myer 56% Vs. DJs 62.5% in FY2012).Myer has a competitive advantage in the marketplace with a larger network of stores and greater buying power. Their larger volume of purchases may mean they are able to take lower cost prices with suppliers. However, there are a few key areas you have identified in your Future strategic Direction plan which we feel will assist in lowering your COGS and result in a better GP % rate.Firstly, signing exclusive brands to your portfolio will ensure product specialization to customers and better control over supplier trading terms and prices. Secondly, the Cost Price Harmonisation that you are engaging in with suppliers (page 3, Annual Report) is key to maintaining your GP % and ensuring that your COGS do not rise and prices do not become uncompetitive with international retailers. Thirdly, discontinuing lower margin categories and moving towards a greater product unite of higher margin categories (page 4, Annual Report) will increase your GP % in the long run and ensure you maximize the profit outcome from the inventory you carry. For example, introducing more(prenominal) private label house brands could be one system in which to increase the proportion of higher margin products in your portfolio.The internet Profit Margin in FY2012 dropped drastically compared to FY2011 (-36.9%, $101 vs. $168 million), with sales revenue dropping -4.8% ($1.867b vs. $1.962b). It was however, on par with Myer at 5.4%.The main factor contributing to the big fall in net profit were the high ope military rank expenses over FY2012. Depreciation expenses were up by +13.23%, leasing expenses were up by +6.1%, advertising and marketing had gone up +19%, administration expenses were up by +29.4%, and finance costs were up +40%. Excess inventory during the clearance period also resulted in heavier discounting and contributed to the fall in net profit.Whilst your company has noted Cost of Doing Business (CODB) Reductions as one of the points in your Future Strategic Direction Plan, there are many other areas that can be addressed to ease operating costs. For example, a reduction in the size of all or some of your retail stores will result in savings in store costs such as leasing, staff, utilities, and so on. This could be implemented in conjunction with the Omni Channel Retailing strategy as highlighted as the first point in your Future Strategic Direction Plan (page 3, Annual Report), as customers move away from traditional bricks and mortar shops and increasingly to online shopping destinations. The excellent growth rate in HY2013 of your online store4 highlights the opportunities in the online channel and the change in customer shopping behaviour.With regards to the Asset Turnover ratio, your company performed slightly better than Myer Holdings in FY2012 (1.5 Vs 1.34, Refer to Appendix B). Internally, there was an 8% drop that was due to sluggish sales performance (1.5 Vs. 1.63, Refer to Appendix A).Since your Net Profit Margin dropped dramatically in FY2012, the Return on Assets (ROA) followed suit and decreased by -41% (from 13.96 to 8.23, refer to Appendix A) not a sober result in a sset management performance. Your companys property portfolio consists of 4 buildings valued at $612 million (page 5, Annual Report). All of these buildings are in the prime locations, with two in the Sydney CBD and two in the Melbourne CBD. The rental income is assumed to be in the vicinity of $39 million per annum (page 5, Annual Report). If a reduced size store was considered, a potential income of $10-15 million could be generated per annum, increasing the net profit percentage by 9-14% (Net Profit FY2012 $101,103,000). Your companys re-development consideration is a long-term process and we believe it will be successful in generating positive ROA with the appropriate planning.Improving the Gross Profit margin while maintaining current overheads will result in a positive increase in the Net Profit margin position and enhance the overall performance of the company.EfficiencyEfficiency is more meaningful when compared to peers in the aforesaid(prenominal) industry and can assist in identifying businesses that are better managed relative to others.By comparing your figures with Myer, your company performed better in Inventory Turnover (89 days vs 96 days, Appendix A & Appendix B), which means you have a better stockturn and are generating revenue from your inventory in a shorter period of time. However, 89 days is still a fairly high measure as it means you are seance on stock for an average of 3 months before it is sold through. To improve your inventory turnover, you could consider dropping your bestselling items more frequently to stores, but with smaller quantities individually time. This will ensure that the stores which are selling through the stock quickest remain in stock at all times, without a large center of unsold stock building up in the slower performing stores and affecting your inventory turnover. It also means you will be generating sales and cash more quickly from your stock investment.Myer performed slightly better on Average Days Sale s Uncollected (DJS 3.5 days vs. Myer 2.5 days, Appendix A & B). To improve this measure for example, you could encourage more online sales to generate faster turnover into cash than store card sales which are monthly billings.Internally, FY2012 performed slightly better than FY2011 in Average Days Sales Uncollected (FY2012 3.5 vs. FY2011 4 days) but worse in Inventory Turnover (FY2012 89 vs. FY2011 87 days). The differences were negligible.Short-Term SolvencyDavid Jones has a good ability to meet its short financial obligations, with a Current Ratio of 1.05 in FY2012 (Appendix A) outperforming Myer at 0.88 (Appendix B). However, since the Quick Ratio is not high at 14.4% (Appendix A), short-term liquidity could be an issue. When compared with Myer at 11% (Appendix B), David Jones has performed better.The Current Ratio performed better in FY2011 than FY2012 by 14.6% (Appendix A). The main reason for this is the 15.1% increase in Current liability ($306 million Vs. $266 million), wi th the $40 million difference due to an increase in Account Payables. There is no change in the Quick Ratio from FY2011 to FY2012 (14.4%), i.e. on the low side and short-term liquidity can be an issue, should not allow it to be deteriorate.The Cash & Cash Equivalents and Receivables figures totaled $36.935 million which represented around 14% of Payables in the 2012 Annual Report. In order to achieve a better short-term liquidity position, a more efficient ordering & inventory control system should be implemented. Less inventory on hand equates to more cash and liquidity. Excess inventory can jeopardize a companys liquidity, in addition to causing stock problems and markdowns at the end of a season as was evidenced in FY2012.Long-Term SolvencyYou company performed much better than Myer Holdings in the area of Long-Term Solvency. Your company has demonstrated consistency in this area and long-term solvency should not be an immediate issue with your organization.The Debt to rectitude ratio showed that there was an increase of 11% in FY2012 compared with FY2011 (Refer to Appendix A), i.e. the liability has gone up relative to shareholders equity. The main contribution to the increase is due to the +22.3% ($265m Vs. $216m) increase in the Payables account. It is important to ensure that this trend does not continue and that debt does not continue to rise when compared to equity levels.With strong non-current assets of $917 million & total assets in trim of $1.24 billion, the Debt to Total Assets ratio is healthy, with FY2011 at 35% and FY2012 at 37% (Refer to Appendix A) respectively. The extra 2% was due to the liability increase and it was the fallout of excess inventory as discussed in the short-term solvency section.Market-based RatiosTo calculate the Price/ gelt (P/E) Ratio, we used the share price on 16/5/2013 ($2.80). This equates to a PE ratio of 14.43, with the Earnings yield ratio at 6.93% and the Dividend yield ratio at 6.25% (dividend was 17.5c).Myer Holdings dividend yield was around 7% (dividend of 19c with share price at $2.70). The market-based ratio is higher than your main competitor (Myer PE ratio is 11.8)5. However the Price/Earnings ratio indicates that todays share price of the company is on the low side as it is below 15. The majority of analysts believe that the company is performing below par and do not recommend buying or holding David Jones shares at the moment.Eva Brocklehurst of FNArean.com is quoted as saying in March 2013, David Jones (DJS) is transforming. For brokers its not a moment too soon, as department stores have been plagued by a soft consumer environment and a need to respond to new trends in shopping. In its first half results the company has flagged progress with its strategic plan, reducing costs and expanding margins. Earnings were forth of expectations for the half but sales growth was not. What pleased was the increased margin. What concerns brokers? Most importantly, a lack of sales momentu m.Theres no Buy rating on the FNArena database. Two brokers have downgraded ratings to Sell in the wake of the results. There are five Sell ratings. There was one upgrade to Hold, and there are three Hold ratings. The consensus target price is $2.73, suggesting 11.5% downside to the last traded share price. A dividend yield of 5.5% is reflected in consensus earnings forecasts for FY13.6Performance IssuesAs highlighted above, your declining sales performance is the biggest concern for shareholders and needs to be addressed immediately. Whilst earnings were ahead of expectations, this was managed by cost reductions and a move towards increased margins. An improvement in sales in conjunction with the efforts youre undertaking to reduce expenses and the cost of doing business will result in an improvement in the bottom line and signal federal agency in the company and a turnaround for investors.David Jones has been labelled as an up-market department store. Australias $12 billion fashi on retail industry is forecast to grow by only 0.5% in FY2012 with only an average 1.2% annualised growth expected for the next 5 years, according to analysis group IBISWorld. Furthermore, IBISWorld says shoppers are now more likely to buy low to mid-range priced clothing which has contributed to the declining value of retail sales. In general, the outlook is not too positive for the industry.7Greater differentiation is required between David Jones and Myer in order to attract and retain customers. Mark Ritson, Associate Professor of Marketing at Melbourne Business School commented, David Jones and Myer are just two sides of same boring coin. He says, I still believe to this day that most people coming out of either David Jones or Myer on Bourke Street enduret know which one they just come out of.7Some of the issues have been addressed by your companys Future Strategic Direction Plan, for example, a move towards Omni Channel Retailing, building a Home of Brands strategy which diffe rentiates David Jones from Myer, and cost improvements including GP margin improvements, CODB reductions and Cost Price Harmonisation with suppliers (pages 3-6, Annual Report).ConclusionA thorough review of your companys FY2011 and FY2012 Financial Report & Statements has indicated that David Jones has a strong balance sheet, solid cash flows, low debt, and assets in prime locations. David Jones has performed on par, or better than Myer in the areas of Net Profit Margin, Asset Turnover, Inventory Turnover, and Short & Long-term Solvency.However, the companys declining sales performance is the biggest area of concern. Almost all measures of profitability were worse than Myer and have been falling when compared to David Jones own performance in prior years. We believe that further differentiation from Myer, cost reductions & margin improvements, harmonization of prices to become more competitive with international competitors, better inventory management & a reduction in excessive sto ck, reduced retail floor space, and the move towards Omni-Channel Retailing will enhance the value of your company and result in better performance for all stakeholders.We hope this report has provided insightful recommendations into improving the performance of your company.This report has been generated for your companys own reference and not for any other purposes. Other companies or individuals should not use or rely on any material contained within this report without the consent of our office.

Academic Honesty Essay

We rout out identify some forms of academic knavery as, copied exams, this implies to turn and see another schoolchilds test, receiving or giving verbal and / or nonverbal, change the tests, hiding notes, or modification of quizzes. It can also occur in tasks, jobs and projects. It is possible to overstep the task among disciples, falsify data, lack of contribution to a team, and hire someone to make their work. Other types can be present even with bribes or threats a educest the teacher.through and through the plagiarism, the student gives the impression that you cannot cop or that do not want to learn. Also, you may not start out a superb relationship between student and teacher. The love of reading is the most effective strategy to combat academic dishonesty. Below ar some reasons for plagiarism Reduced interest in learning Plagiarism is easy to do Many students ar more interested in the grade than in the learning process They are busy work or doing other things N on appreciation of the knowledgeWhy is Academic Dishonesty Happening? Society has communicated the concept that students bring to acquire a degree for coming(prenominal) employment, financial security, and personal reasons (Choi, 2009 Cohen Brawer, 2003 McCabe, Butterfield, Trevino, 2006). And students often believe they allow for receive higher salaries from future employers if they have exceptional grades throughout their college careers (Norton, Tilley, Newstead, Franklyn-Stokes, 2001). This is a reality that plenty of students are living.Plenty of them are lucky enough like me, to get the job theyve always wanted before they earn a degree. Indeed, plagiarism and cheating are reflections of the need to get good grades at all cost and, they continue to be serious problems in academia (Danielsen, Simon, Pavlick, 2006 Fontana, 2009 Lipka, 2009 McCabe, 2009 McCabe et al. , 2006 Rosamond, 2002 Wilkerson, 2009). This is causing that some early professionals- but try their best to rush their way into a degree without paying any attention to their assignments.In the beginning it was like that for me because honestly, I felt I was not learning anything. My reality was that I learned e genuinelything in the field. But soon enough I realized that college is not necessarily the place to learn specific topics, is the place where you were how to manage your knowledge and put it in the best use. At the end of the day academic dishonesty is a behavior that makes students gain an unfair advantage and it need to be avoid. The risk of plagiarism in academic settings can be reduced by not setting the selfsame(prenominal) essay every year.Burnard (2002) reflected on the possibility of plagiarism extending beyond coursework essays to dissertations. He felt that written examinations may reduce the problem (Burnard 2002). Doing our job correctly testament guaranty that we learn in the process and also that we will get the grade we worked for. In my case, I am writing thi s paper because due to ravish quotation, it was understood that used someone else information as mine. In order to avoid this in the future, students have to make sure to follow the guidelines when it comes to proper citation.It very important to have credit to whom deserves it, and thats why double checking and practicing the properly citation its key in order to have a clean paper. Now, we have to be clear that any material that is consider as common knowledge does not have to be cited. Also, field-specific common knowledge does not need citation unless it contains facts from a specific source. As I mentioned, my case was because of wrong citing, but at the end of the day the consequences are the same as of a student stealing information an using it for an assignment.Professors take this very seriously because it is not fair to the students who spend hours working. This is superior work, wrote a professor on a students paper. It was excellent when Saint Thomas Aquinas wrote it, just as it is today. Saint Thomas gets an A. You get an F (Alschuler and Blimling 1995, p. 123). We must understand that dishonesty in the classroom is a serious issue, it is not just a cheating situation, it is considered for some professionals as a crime that deserves a penalty. Plagiarism can be done very easily, and it can even happen when proper citation has been done.Another way to avoid plagiarism, could be by paraphrasing and adding the name of the designer for example According to Carlos Santana, guitars became famous in it is a way of giving credit and making your sentences flow in a better way. I will conclude this paper by saying that we all know what plagiarism is, by this I mean that every single student know what is good and bad and academic dishonest will end when we start being honest with ourselves, our instructors and why not, also our classmates.It is true that at time it can be difficult to complete certain assignments, but there is nothing that cant be fixed with communication. Sending an email to out instructor or asking for help will make the learning experience better and will guide us away from plagiarizing a document. Reference Choi, Cohen, and Brawer. International journal of Business and Social Science. 3rd ed. Vol. 3. N. p. n. p. , 2012. Print Burnard P. All your own work? Essays and the internet. Nurse Education Today. 22, 3, 187-188. (2002) Merriam-Websters Collegiate Dictionary. 11th ed. Springfield, Mass. Merriam-Webster, Inc. 2003946.

Empowerment of Women in India Essay

WHAT IS WOMEN EMPOWERMENT?In the simplest of speech communication it is basically the creation of an environment where women can make independent decisions on their personal development as well as shine as equals in society.Women want to be treated as equals so much so that if a wo slice rises to the top of her field it should be a commonplace occurrence that draws nothing more than a raised eyebrow at the gender. This can only happen if on that point is a channelized route for the empowerment of women.Thus it is no real surprise that women empowerment in India is a hotly discussed topic with no real solution looming in the horizon except to doubly intensify our efforts and continue to target the sources of all the violence and ill-will towards women. CHALLENGESThere are several challenges that are actually plaguing the issues of womens rights in India. A few of these challenges are presented below. While a lot of these are redundant and sort of basic issues faced across the cou ntry, these are contributory causes to the overarching status of women in India. Targeting these issues will without delay turn a profit the empowerment of women in India.EDUCATIONWhile the country has grown from leaps and bounds since its independence where education is concerned, the porta between women and men is severe. While 82.14% of adult men are educated, only 65.46% of adult women are cognise to be literate in India. Not only is an illiterate women at the mercy of her husband or father, she also does not know that this is not the way of life for women across the world. Additionally, the norms of culture that state that the man of the family is the be-all and end-all of family decisions is slowly spoiling the society of the country.Women Empowerment in IndiaData Source Census of India 2011As verbalise in a study conducted by the Centre for the Study of Society andSecularism,In spite of the UN have of Human Rights and the provisions of the Indian Constitution, women con tinue to be victims of exploitation. The view that the future generation of a family is carried on and preserved by boys-only has degraded the position of women in society. Similarly, it is noticed that majority of the women are lacking in the spirit of rebellion. If careful attention is not paid and major steps are not taken, the postal service will become extremely critical.Eradicating this gap and educating women about their real place in the world is a step that will largely set this entire movement rolling down the hill to settle and break the wall of intolerance, negligence and exploitation. ACTIONS TAKEN TO EMPOWER WOMENMILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALThe United Nations teaching Programme constituted eight Millennium Development Goals (MDG) for ensuring equity and peace across the world. The third MDG is directly related to the empowerment of women in India. The MDGs are agreed-upon goals to reduce certain indicators of disparity across the world by the yr 2015.The third MDG i s centred towards promoting gender equality and empowering women Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondhand education, preferably by 2005, and in all levels of education by no later than 2015While Indias progress in this front has been brave, there are quite a few corners that it needs to foreshorten before it can be called as being truly revolutionary in its quest for taste what is women empowerment. As UNDP says-India missed the 2005 deadline of eliminating gender disparity in primary and secondary education. However, the country has hastened progress and the sexual activity Parity Index (GPI) for Gross Enrolment Ratios (GER) in primary and secondary education has risen. Given current trends, India is moderately oralmost nearly on track. However, as the political sympathies of India MDG Report 2009 notes, participation of women in employment and decision-making remains far less than that of men, and the disparity is not likely to be eliminated by 2015. Achieving GPI in tertiary education also remains a challenge. In addition, the labour market openness to women in industry and services has only marginally increased from 13-18 percent between 1990-91 and 2004-05.MINISTRY FOR WOMEN & CHILD DEVELOPMENTThe Ministry for Women & babe Development was established as a department of the Ministry of Human Resource Development in the year 1985 to drive the holistic development of women and children in the country. In 2006 this department was given the status of a Ministry, with the powers to- devise plans, policies and programmes enacts/ amends legislation, guiding and coordinating the efforts of both governmental and non-governmental organisations working in the field of Women and Child Development.It delivers such(prenominal) initiatives such as the Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) which is a package of services such as supplementary nutrition, health check-ups and immunisation. As mentioned earlier, the empowerment of women begins with t heir safety and health and this Ministry is committed to providing them. National charge for WomenThe National Commission for Women is a Department within the Ministry of Women and Child Development. It was set up exclusively to overhaul women via the Constitution by reviewing Legal and Constitutional safeguards for women, recommending remedial legislative measures, by facilitating quick redressal of grievances and by advising the Government of India on all policy matters affecting women.The website allows for online submission of complaints and fast redressal exclusively for women. Additionally it is also a good resource of information for women and the Commission is committed to helping out women in need.

Crime and Victimization Essay

In our scenario, Dr. ODonnell touched on the psychodynamic surmisal of crime. This theory suggests that a person commits a crime because of an unbalanced or antisocial personality. These offenders whitethorn constitute also been bulled or abused as children which may have led to their instability. An example of this theory is the case of Adam Lanza. On December 14, 2012, Mr. Lanza entered Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Ct and opened fire on the school. He shot and killed twenty children and six adults before turning the gas on himself. According to investigative reports, Mr. Lanza was shy as a young pre-teen and then developed into a ment ally unstable adult who was a virtual recluse and had an obsession with mass murder and war. Although Mr. Lanza was interpreted out of public school at 16 and homeschooled by his mother, there was nonhing to suspect he would later commit such a horrible act. There was no indication of a power and because Mr. Lanza took his own life we will never know why. There are some indications he had an obsession with mass murder and collected numerous paper clippings and stories of these crimes especially the Columbine High School shooting, however, there were no indications of abuse. This leads us to believe that a mental or personality disorder may have been at play.Unfortunately, crime is everywhere nearly us. In my own metropolitan area there was of late a horrible event. On January 26 Darion Aguilar arrived at Columbia Mall in Columbia, Md. He hung around the mall for a short while before assembling a shotgun in a back room then opening fire at a retail store cleanup two people then himself. Howard County Police department were called and investigated the incident. They found that Mr. Aguilar had no criminal record and lawfully purchased the gun he used about a month before the incident. Because this was an event that took place locally the Howard County Police Department had jurisdiction over this case. This w as appropriate because it did not cross state lines or claim drugs or otherillegal activity. While the S.W.A.T team was deployed no other come onncies were actively involved.Recently our realm was attacked by a group of juveniles from another local area. Some of my neighbors property was destroyed, windows broken, and numerous items stolen. Our community sits off of a major highway, however, it is not very well lit and we do not have a security person or Neighborhood Watch group. If we were to adopt Sgt. Evans suggestions of adding more lights and television set cameras, I think we would have a better chance of making accepted this type of amour doesnt happen. Also, I feel like if we were to add a Neighborhood Watch program and we all became actively involved in it, we would see that these kids would be deterred from coming around. I also think that it would be a good idea to enforce the curfew rule we have in place now. Children under the age of 18 are to be indoors by 9 p.m. during the week and 10 p.m. on the weekends. I feel like the parents of the kids who are causing problems need to be held responsible to some extent. If they made sure the kids were in at curfew then again we would not have such a problem.ReferencesInformation retrieved fromwww.cnn.com/2013/11/25/justicewww.wjla.com/articles/2014/01www.washingtonpost.com/politics/SandyHook

Effects of Christianity on Behaviour, Attitude and Lifestyle Essay

There could be no such(prenominal) things as prison in a truly Christian lodge.I think a truly Christian society is based on the life and teaching of rescuer, this means we must follow the 10 influencements and the gospel values. At the heart of Christian society there should be existence of whop, forgiveness, mercy, justice to criminals. Jesus command was to Love your God, Love your neighbour and Love yourself. By obeying these commandments we are being Christ-like which is what the Christian society is solely about.Forgiveness does not mean letting people walk all over you But it is important. Christianity follows Jesus teaching in stressing that forgiveness is vital. It may be very hard, particularly for the victim of a crime. The degraded Son was a parable that showed forgiveness.The prison is the means to deliver the punishment, the denial of freedom. The convicted are imprisoned as a punishment, not for punishment. Her Majestys Prison Service serves the public by keeping in custody those committed by the courts. Our duty is to have a bun in the oven after them with humanity and serve up them lead fair play invariable and useful lives in custody and after release. HM Prisons Services Mission parameter 1988.Three principles in prison craftSecurity- to hold securely those sent to prison.Humanity- to treat prisoners with humanity, prisoners lose their impropriety theyshould not lose their humanity. They are still human beings withthe rights that their nature awards them.Assistance- to help cultivate prisoners law abiding and give them useful lives.Prison can exist in a truly Christian society but not always, poor prison conditions do not lead to iron out, they except serve to make prisoners worse. To become better people they need first and foremost their dignity, remember Jesus command to love self, this means having a good self-esteem.Prisoners have a right to feel safe, the opposite happened in Fletham issue Offenders Institution. March 20 00, 19 year old Zahid Mubarek was beaten to death by his cellmate, Robert Stewart had a history of racial and violent behaviour. This evidence does not allow for fostering self-esteem or provide opportunities to restore.For prison to encourage Christian principles the reform of the offender is of paramount importance. Practical measures such as education, drink and drug therapy and counselor are required. There is evidence that education effects personal change in prisoners, not only through the acquisition of practical skills and knowledge, but also through fostering self-esteem and skills in communication. mike Hart, Category A prisoner, killed a 20 year olds woman in an armed robbery. Whole in prison he become a born again Christian, and has take formed on projects while inside to help young people be aware of what prison is really like in an attempt to maneuver young people away from the life of crime or potential crime. One such project, bankrupt Out than In was a drama presentation re. The image of prisoners and prisons, depicting the harsh reality. How effective his work been, very difficult to assess but anecdotal evidence suggests that it is.There could and couldnt be such things as prison in a truly Christian society, it depends on the type of prison and what happens in the prison as to whether prison has a place in a truly Christian society. For prisons to co-exist in a truly Christian society they need to have therapeutic regime employed to restore the offender rather than punitive one. Not many people can uphold the mission statement, so it needs to be looked at and improved in order to fit into a Christian society. If we look ahead Christians today can also help reform prisoners like the Howard Penal League, where prisoners where able to reform by their help. During the 19th Century Elizabeth Fry Quaker who was a Christian went to prison to help rehabilitate criminals.

Behаviоrаl Explаnаtiоns Generаl Psychоlоgy

Shrtly fter purchsing persnl cmputer, my fther strted utilisation up Internet n dily bsis. Mrever, he wuld drop nights brwsing. Menwhile, my mm ws cmbining her cllege studies (t receive second basend eductin) with wrk nd wuld usully cme bck hme ttlly wiped ut. in that respectfre, she ws nt t first cncerned with wht my fther ws up t during lte evenings nd nights since everything she wnted t d ws t jump t bed s sn s pssible nd fll sleep. Hwever, lter n everything chnged. She nticed tht her husbnd wuld cme bck hme lte nd even strted spending nights n the ffice sf.In few dys she sw him get tinkle up nd silently growing n his hme cmputer in the middle f the night. Since they hve lredy been mrried fr 15 yers she t first cnsidered it n n-line ddictin tht hs lredy been n the gend in mny fmilies. Hwever, she ws certin her husbnd culd nt surf news sites ll nights lng. fter hving checked ll f his pckets nd bgs, she fund n nswer in his e-mil bx which prvided her with the take the stand f n n-line lve ffir with yung ldy frm nther prt f the wrld.In very shrt while she hs filed fr divrce withut hving ny hesittins r regrets. With indicted bve mteril in brain we my stte tht the prblem is clerly sscited with n-line cheting nd behvir which it cuses. Hwever, the questin is cn cyber intimte reltinships be still cnsidered s cheting? Vst mjrity f psychlgists clim lthugh dultery nd cheting warning(a)lly hve physicl cnsequences, they ll emerge in humn understandings nd hve direct cnnectin with nervus system.thitherfre, nline lve ffir is nthing but cheting rel-life prtners thugh fr thse wh re invlved in it, it is mre f n entertinment thn serius issue. They see it s unhrmful nd sfe wy t crry ut their fntsies. CNCEPT IDENTIFICTIN. T investigte the issue I selected tw ntins f generl psychlgy hbitutin nd the thery f mind (TM). s humn beings, we get used t things. Smething tht is new nd incredibly exciting cn becme tedius. This thin out t hve declining respnsiveness t smethin g is clled hbitutin (yu major power ls her smene sy tht yu get hbituted t smething).Fr instnce, there my be picture yu relly like s yu put it n the wll in yur rm. Yu see this picture every dy, 20 times dy. ver time nd repeted expsures t this picture yu world power strt feeling like yuve seen it millin times nd it just desnt hve the sme effect n yu. This is hbitutin. The fundtinl ide fr hbitutin studies is tht nce peple hve been becme s thrughly fmilir with stimulus tht they n lnger py ttentin t it, their ttentin will recver if stimulus tht they recgnize s different is presented.In this prcedure, during the initil, hbitutin phse, the infnt sits n the prents lp fcing mnitr n which he/she sees visul imge f sme srt while listening t sund. The experimenter recrds n n externl cmputer hw lng the infnt lks t the mnitr while listening t the sund. The thery f mind is smething tht ll peple must develp in rder t understnd the minds f ther peple. We cll it thery becuse we cn never ctu lly cnnect with nthers mind. There is n bjective wy t verify the cntents f their cnsciusness r t ssess their mtivtins nd desires.Insted, when we interct with ther peple we cn nly guess t these things, using ur TM t wrk ut wht they knw, think r feel. It seems resnble t believe tht peple cnnt understnd the desires r emtins f thers unless they re wre f their wn, nd it certinly seems t be authoritative tht TM develps lngside self-wreness (the develpment f self is cvered in seprte lecture). First, children lern t recgnize themselves (frm rund 18 mnths), then t express their emtinl sttes (frm but tw yers). Then, they must mke the difference between self nd ther.EXPLNTIN. The resn why my fther ws behving in this prticulr ws becuse during ll f these yers f mrrige he hs prbbly lredy gt used t my mther nd ws lking fr sme ther new emtins. This des nt men thugh tht he wnted t make for his n-line ffir int sme lng-term reltinships. Mre likely, it wuld grdully slw dwn becuse f the sme hbitutin which wuld nt seem s exciting nymre. Menwhile, my mther here ws suppsed t refer t the thery f mind nd try t understnd my fther r d smething tht wuld turn him wy frm his nline ddictin.Cnsequently, she wuld be ble t crrectly respnd n this situtin nd vid their seprtin. ccrding t the thery f mind, peple shuld first explre themselves nd then try t perceive thers. s result, this perceptin wuld becme mre ccurte nd precise. This will llw them t mke better decisins nd build brighter future tgether. Generl psychlgy enbles us t hve better insight f feelings, emtins, nd thughts which we experience n hurly bsis. In cse mentined bve hbitutin is prblemtic issue while the thery f mind seems t be ne f the wys ut.Behvirl Explntins Generl PsychlgyShrtly fter purchsing persnl cmputer, my fther strted using Internet n dily bsis. Mrever, he wuld spend nights brwsing. Menwhile, my mm ws cmbining her cllege studies (t receive secnd eductin) with wrk nd wuld usully cme bck hme ttlly wiped ut. Therefre, s he ws nt t first cncerned with wht my fther ws up t during lte evenings nd nights since everything she wnted t d ws t jump t bed s sn s pssible nd fll sleep.Hwever, lter n everything chnged. She nticed tht her husbnd wuld cme bck hme lte nd even strted spending nights n the ffice sf.In few dys she sw him getting up nd silently turning n his hme cmputer in the middle f the night. Since they hve lredy been mrried fr 15 yers she t first cnsidered it n n-line ddictin tht hs lredy been n the gend in mny fmilies. Hwever, she ws certin her husbnd culd nt surf news sites ll nights lng. fter hving checked ll f his pckets nd bgs, she fund n nswer in his e-mil bx which prvided her with the distinguish f n n-line lve ffir with yung ldy frm nther prt f the wrld.In very shrt while she hs filed fr divrce withut hving ny hesittins r regrets. With indicted bve mteril in mind we my stte tht the prblem is clerly sscited with n-line cheting nd behvir which it cuses. Hwever, the questin is cn cyber intimte reltinships be still cnsidered s cheting? Vst mjrity f psychlgists clim lthugh dultery nd cheting monitorylly hve physicl cnsequences, they ll emerge in humn minds nd hve direct cnnectin with nervus system.Therefre, nline lve ffir is nthing but cheting rel-life prtners thugh fr thse wh re invlved in it, it is mre f n entertinment thn serius issue. They see it s unhrmful nd sfe wy t crry ut their fntsies. CNCEPT IDENTIFICTIN. T investigte the issue I selected tw ntins f generl psychlgy hbitutin nd the thery f mind (TM). s humn beings, we get used t things. Smething tht is new nd incredibly exciting cn becme tedius. This cut back t hve declining respnsiveness t smething is clled hbitutin (yu skill ls her smene sy tht yu get hbituted t smething).Fr instnce, there my be picture yu relly like s yu put it n the wll in yur rm. Yu see this picture every dy, 20 times dy. ver time nd repeted expsures t this picture yu strength strt feeling like yuve seen it millin times nd it j ust desnt hve the sme effect n yu. This is hbitutin. The fundtinl ide fr hbitutin studies is tht nce peple hve been becme s thrughly fmilir with stimulus tht they n lnger py ttentin t it, their ttentin will recver if stimulus tht they recgnize s different is presented.In this prcedure, during the initil, hbitutin phse, the infnt sits n the prents lp fcing mnitr n which he/she sees visul imge f sme srt while listening t sund. The experimenter recrds n n externl cmputer hw lng the infnt lks t the mnitr while listening t the sund. The thery f mind is smething tht ll peple must develp in rder t understnd the minds f ther peple. We cll it thery becuse we cn never ctully cnnect with nthers mind. There is n bjective wy t verify the cntents f their cnsciusness r t ssess their mtivtins nd desires.Insted, when we interct with ther peple we cn nly guess t these things, using ur TM t wrk ut wht they knw, think r feel. It seems resnble t believe tht peple cnnt understnd the desires r emtin s f thers unless they re wre f their wn, nd it certinly seems t be dependable tht TM develps lngside self-wreness (the develpment f self is cvered in seprte lecture). First, children lern t recgnize themselves (frm rund 18 mnths), then t express their emtinl sttes (frm but tw yers). Then, they must mke the difference between self nd ther.EXPLNTIN. The resn why my fther ws behving in this prticulr ws becuse during ll f these yers f mrrige he hs prbbly lredy gt used t my mther nd ws lking fr sme ther new emtins. This des nt men thugh tht he wnted t turn his n-line ffir int sme lng-term reltinships. Mre likely, it wuld grdully slw dwn becuse f the sme hbitutin which wuld nt seem s exciting nymre. Menwhile, my mther here ws suppsed t refer t the thery f mind nd try t understnd my fther r d smething tht wuld turn him wy frm his nline ddictin.Cnsequently, she wuld be ble t crrectly respnd n this situtin nd vid their seprtin. ccrding t the thery f mind, peple shuld first explre themselve s nd then try t perceive thers. s result, this perceptin wuld becme mre ccurte nd precise. This will llw them t mke better decisins nd build brighter future tgether. Generl psychlgy enbles us t hve better insight f feelings, emtins, nd thughts which we experience n hurly bsis. In cse mentined bve hbitutin is prblemtic issue while the thery f mind seems t be ne f the wys ut. References

Summer Sport Camp at State University

14th MANCO Linear Programming Approach for Irrigation plan A case Study H. MD. AZAMATHULLA, Senior Lecturer, River plan and Urban Drainage Research centerfield (REDAC), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia email emailprotected usm. my, emailprotected com (author for correspondence) AMINUDDIN AB GHANI, Professor, REDAC, Universiti Sains Malaysia, email emailprotected usm. my NOR AZAZI ZAKARIA, Professor, REDAC, Universiti Sains Malaysia, email emailprotected usm. my CHANG CHUN KIAT, Science Officer, REDAC, Universiti Sains Malaysia, email emailprotected sm. my Abstract There is an increasing sensory faculty among irrigation planners and engineers to design and ope dictate source governances for maximum efficiency to maximize their benefits. checkly, signifi nookiet work has been d superstar on beginning movement for known total irrigation prerequisite and on the best allocation of water lend procurable to civilizes at the create aim. Very few studies have been conducted to derive optimal author achievement policies integrate the reservoir action with the on-farm example of water by the various work ons.This front paper deals with the development of lesson Linear Programming (LP) to be employ to unfeigned- term reservoir transaction in an existing chiller reservoir system in Madhya Pradesh, India. Keywords Cropping class, irrigate resource management, Irrigation management, Optimization 1. Introduction In most evolution countries, a huge sh atomic number 18 of the localizeed budget goes to creating facilities for irrigation. Construction of reservoirs requires very high investment and in any case causes socioeconomic and environmental issues. peeing in the reservoir has multiple claimants and admits to be optimally utilized to hand maximum benefits through proper operation, which must remain consistent despite uncertain hereafter inflows and demands. According to the World Commission on Dams, many a(prenominal) large terminus projects worldwide argon failing to relieve oneself the anticipated benefits (Labadie, 2004). Similarly, small storage projects made for local line of operations in developing countries, like India, are in any case failing to meet expectations.The main cause identified at various levels of discussion, as reported by Labadie (2004), is inadequate consideration of the more mundane operation and maintenance issues once the project is completed. For existing reservoirs, best operation is exact, since all the expected benefits are found on timely water releases to meet the stipulated demand. real time operation of a reservoir requires making relatively quick finishs regarding releases based on short-term information. Decisions are dependant on the storage in the reservoir and information available in the form of count on hydrologic and meteorological parameters.This is especially important during floods and power gen eration, where the system has to respond to changes very quickly and may need to adapt rapidly (Mohan et al. 1991). For reservoir systems operated for irrigation scheduling, real time operation is not very common because of longer stopping point steps. Traditionally, the reservoirs meant for irrigation purposes are operated on heuristics and certain rules derived from previous experiences. This defies the concept of water-management much of the water is lost, which in turn leads to prejudice of revenue.In the early 1960s, mathematical programming techniques became popular for reservoir planning and operation pertinent literature is available. An elegant review of the topic is given by Yeh (1985), followed by Labadie (2004) and Wurbs (1993). Along with simulation studies, Linear Programming (LP), propellant Programming (DP) and Non Linear Programming (NLP) are the most popular workling techniques. A comparative try on the applicability and computational difficulties of these fashion models is presented by Mujumdar and Narulkar (1993).Many of the aforementioned techniques have been implemented in realistic scenarios, and many reservoir systems worldwide are operated based on the decision rules generated from these techniques. However, there exists a gap between theory and practice, and full implementation has not been achieved yet (Labadie, 2004). 1 14 & 15 February 2009 Kuching, Sarawak The basic encumbrance a reservoir manager faces is to take a real time optimum decision regarding releases jibe to the future demand and inflow. This leads to the problem of optimization of the stochastic domain.Two salutees of stochastic optimization are practised i) Explicit random Optimization (ESO), which works on probabilistic descriptors of random inputs directly and ii) Implicit Stochastic Optimization (ISO), which is based on historical, generated or forecasted set of the inputs through the use of Time Series Analysis or other(a) Probabilistic approaches. The ESO approach has computational difficulties ISO methods are simple, but require an additional vaticination model for real time operation. In the case of irrigation reservoirs, decision making at the reservoir level depends upon the water demand arising at the field level.In order to operate the reservoir in the best possible way, it becomes imperative to recognise the processes occurring in the crop- modify-water-atmosphere system. This helps not only in the estimation of accurate demands, but as well as ensures optimum utilisation of water. If the processes at the field level are also modelled properly and integrated with the reservoir level model, the culture of water management can be achieved in the best possible way. Dudley et al. (1971) pioneered the integration of the systems in the role of optimal irrigation timing chthonian limited water supply using a Stochastic DP model.Dudley and his associates then improved the model (Dudley and Burt, 1973 Dudley, 1988 Dudley and Musgrave, 1993). Vedula and Mujumdar (1992, 1993) and Vedula and Nagesh Kumar (1996) have also contributed to this part. Their approach was to derive a squiffy aver reservoir operation policy while maximizing the annual crop reward. DP-SDP and LP-SDP were utilise in the modelling. However, for real-time reservoir operation, Vedula and Nagesh Kumar (1996) stressed the need to forecast inflows and pelting in the catamenia season to implement the steady asseverate operation policy.As a result, the ESO model has to be supplemented with an ISO model to get a policy for the current period. As an extension to the work of Vedula and Mujumdar (1992), a significant contribution to the real-time reservoir approach was presented by Mujumdar and Ramesh (1997). They addressed the issue of short term real-time reservoir operation by forecasting the inflow for the current period, a crop production asseverate covariant and a solid ground moisture state variable. Their work was based o n SDP, but had all the limitations of SDP regarding the curse of dimensionality.Against this background, a model for the derivation of real-time optimal operating policy for a reservoir to a lower place a multiple crop scenario is proposed in the present study. The primary issue is that the reservoir gets inflows during the wet season (monsoon season) and is operated for irrigation in the juiceless season (non-monsoon season). The reservoir storage and the modify moisture level are considered to be the principal state variables, and the irrigation foresights are the decision variables.An optimal allocation model is embedded in the integrated model to evaluate the irrigation water depth supplied to antithetic crops whenever a competition for water exists amongst various crops. The model also serves as an irrigation-scheduling model because it specifies the essence of irrigation for any given two weeks. The impact on crop yield due to water deficits and the effect of flat coat moisture dynamics on crop water requirements are taken into account. Moreover, a root ontogenesis model is adopted to consider the effects of varying root depths on moisture transfer.The only stochastic element in the season is the evapotranspiration. The handling of stochasticity has been accomplished through reliableness based forecasting in an ISO model. The rest of the variables, such as mark moisture spot and the reservoir storage status, at the beginning of any period are considered to be state variables. The basic expression is based on a LP model and is later transformed into a GA framework. 2. The modelling Formulation and Concept The real-time operation model proposed in the present study integrates the reservoir level and a field level decision (Figure 3).It considers the soil-moisture status and the reservoir storage as the state variables and the applied irrigation depths as decision variables. The formulation is based on the abstract model for soil moisture acc ounting and the reservoir storage pertinacity relationships. A major emphasis is laid on maintaining soil moisture in a state such that the evapotranspiration from the crops takes place at a rate that achieves better results in the form of increased yields from the crops. To measure out the timing of irrigation water application, the soil moisture status of the crop is an important parameter.Whenever the soil moisture status approaches a critical limit, irrigation is applied. Thus, the soil moisture status is monitored either by physical measurement or through soil moisture models. Soil moisture models are more popular since they do not require a lot of instrumentation to be installed in the field. Soil moisture models can be formulated either by a physical approach (Fedders et al. , 1978) or a conceptual approach (Rao, 1987). The conceptual approach has been used by Rao et al. (1988), Rao et al. (1990) and 2 14th MANCO Hajilal et al. (1998) for the problem of irrigation schedul ing.Vedula and Mujumdar (1992) utilised the conceptual model in their study. The same concept is adopted in the present study. Figure 3 Flow map of real-time operation of reservoir 3 14 & 15 February 2009 Kuching, Sarawak 3. The conceptual Model In the conceptual model for the Crop-Soil-Water-Atmosphere (CSWA) system, the basic assumption is that the soil acts as a reservoir, the main inputs to the reservoir are rain irrigation, and the main outputs are evapotranspiration, percolation and drainage. The extent of the reservoir is considered to be up to the effective root govern at the particular time.The soil water reservoir is governed by a continuity equation ? ik +1 ED ik +1 ? ? ik ED ik ? IRR ik + AET i k = RF k (1) The conceptual model say by Eq. 1 is used to compute the irrigation to be applied for the LP model with area as a decision variable. The following parameters are important for the conceptual model. Figure 1 shows the sketch for the conceptual reservoir. In the con text of the conceptual model two parameters are important IRRk RFk AETk EDk ?k Figure 1 Conceptual model Variation of Evapotranspiration with the Available Soil moisture Evapotranspiration as a function of the available soil moisture is expressed as kAETi k = darlingi k if aai ? Zww (2) or AETi k = k aai PETi k Zww where AETi k (3) is the actual evapotranspiration that has occurred from crop i in fortnight k (mm), PETi k is the authorisation evapotranspiration in a particular geographical location (mm), Zww is the critical available moisture limit (mm/cm) = (Zf? Zw) d, Zf is the field capacity for the soil (mm/cm), Zw is the permanent wilting k point for the soil (mm/cm), d is the depletion reckon and come tod to be 0. 5 in the present study, and a ai is the average available soil moisture over a fortnight (mm/cm). The average available soil moisture over a fortnight is given by ik + aik +1 a= 2. 0 k ai where otherwise aik = ? ik ? Zw if aik Zww aik = Zww k +1 A like expressi on can be used for ai . 4 14th MANCO start Zone prudence ontogenesis The root depth data in relation to the time stages are prepared according to the Linear Root Growth Model (adopted by Narulkar, 1995). The model assumes that maximum root depth is achieved at the start of the yield formation stage. It remains at the maximum depth until the maturity stage. A nominal depth of 15 cm is considered in the first fortnight to account for the conditions of bare soil and an area with sparse crops.The root depth model is shown in Figure 2. Life span of group Growth stages of group V F G Root Depth Max. Depth Figure 2 Root Depth growth model congener conk out Ratio The yield of a crop is bear upon by water deficits and the rate of evapotranspiration. The rate of evapotranspiration tends to decrease depending on the available moisture content. There are many methods to model the phenomenon. However, the model used in the present study is the most commonly-adopted model. The relative yie lds are computed on the basis of the expression given by Doorenbos and Kassam (1979) YaiAETi k ? k? = 1 ? Ky ? 1 ? ? PET k ? ? Ymi i? ? (4) Equation (4) gives a yield ratio for a single period only. However, the gather effect of moisture deficits over all fortnights of crop growth is also evaluated. The lowest yield ratios computed for the crop during various time periods of a season is computed by a multiplicative model (Rao et al. , 1990). The determination of the yield ratio is very important since they reflect the operation policy for an irrigation system. The expression is given by ? AETi k Yai ncr ? = ? ?1 ? Ky k ? 1 ? ? PET k ? Ymi i =1 ? i ? (5)Water Requirements of the Crops The model derived for an optimal crop convention uses predetermined irrigation demands. On the basis of this, the optimisation model selects an appropriate area for an separate crop. The irrigation demands are determined using the conceptual model say in Eq. 1. The irrigation requirements may be mensurable by substituting a value of critical soil moisture content instead of soil moisture in either of the fortnights k and k+1 and replacing the values of actual evapotranspiration by potential evapotranspiration and rearranging the terms of Eq. ( ) IRRik = ? cr EDik +1 ? EDik + PETi k (6) 5 14 & 15 February 2009 Kuching, Sarawak where ? cr is the critical soil moisture content infra which the actual evapotranspiration may fall below the potential rate. 4. structured LP Formulation In the objective function, the weighted sum of all the actual evapotranspiration values is maximised. The weights are depute according to the yield reaction factors for separate crops in individual periods. The objective is to maximise the actual evpotranspiration rate to minimise the deficits in the yields.The available soil moisture in any time period in the objective function is indirectly maximised ncr np ? a k + aik +1 ? Ky k MaxZ = ? ? ? i ? 2. 0 ? Zww i =1 k =1 ? (7) yield to the follow ing constraints 1. Soil moisture continuity ? aik + aik +1 ? PET = RF k ? 2. 0 ? Zww ? ? ik +1 EDik +1 ? ? ik EDik ? IRRik + ? (8) ? ik +1 ? aik +1 ? bik +1 = ZW (9) where with physical bounds ? ik +1 ? 4. 0 a 2. k +1 i (10) ? 0. 9 (11) artificial lake continuity ncr A k S k +1 ? B k S k + ? i =1 S k +1 ? 31. 1 5. IRRik * AREAik = ? ID ? Ao RE k Eff (Maximum Reservoir efficiency M m3) (12) (13) Crop Simulation ModelThe optimisation model presented above yields some irrigation depth values that are based on forecasted values for the reference evapotranspiration. This reference evapotranspiration, in turn, is based on a dependability model. However, the actual evapotranspiration value differs from these values, and thus, before going into the next fortnight, the soil moisture status must be updated with the applied irrigation and actual climatical factors. The formulation for crop simulation is as follows First compute the final soil moisture with the following relation ? ik = (? ik +1 EDik +1 + IRRik ?Fkcik APET k + ARF k ) / EDik If (14) ? ik +1 3. 1 ?k ? Fkcik +1 APET k +1 Fkcik +1 APET k +1 ZW + ARF k +1 ? ? i EDik + IRRik +1 ? + ? 2. 0 2. 0 ? EDik +1? ik +1 = ? k +1 k +1 Fkci APET EDik +1 2. 0 ( ) (15) or 6 14th MANCO ? ? ik = ? ik ? 1 ? EDik ? 1 ? ? Fkcik APET ? Fkcik APET Fkcik APET + Zw + ARF k + IRRik ? ? EDik ? 2 . 0 2 . 0 2 . 0 ? (16) or ? k ? 1 ? k ? 1 Fkcik APET ? Fkcik APET Fkcik APET ? k k ? ? = i ? EDi ? Zw? ? ? EDi ? ? + IRRi + ? ? 2. 0 2. 0 2. 0 ? ? ? ? k i (17) The computed soil moisture status of the crops is used in the next fortnight to compute the demand. . Stochastic Analysis of Evapotranspiration It was previously stated that the data regarding the climatic factors is uncertain in nature and the determination of these factors beforehand is impossible. However, there is a general trend to assume the expected values for these factors and carry out the operation. The concept does not give a clear consider of the actual scenario and the appropriate weights for the individual growth stage of the crops are not assigned. The present study proposes a assorted method of forecasting the expected values for the climatic factors.The method of analysis starts with the computations of dependability values of reference evapotranspiration factors from the available data. The dependability of realisation of any stochastic variable is specify as the luck of equalling or exceeding that variable with a particular value. Mathematically, P(x ? X ) (18) where P (. ) is the probability and x is the variable under consideration and X is a stipulated value of the variable. A traditional method of estimation of the dependability value is the use of standard frequency formulae (e. . Wiebulls formula or Hazens formula). In the present study, a detailed probability analysis for the data is performed. The data is fitted to a standard probability diffusion and the best fitting distribution is tested through the Kolmogorov Smirnov Test (Haan, 1977). Once the values corresponding to disparate dependabilities are evaluated, dependability values for reference evapotranspiration are assumed to be different in different growth stages. The analysis is performed on the basis of the yield response factor.A high yield response factor signifies greater sensitivity towards the deficits, and thus, a higher level of dependability is assumed for the evapotranspiration data and a disappoint level of dependability is assumed for the rainfall data. This will ensure a higher value of irrigation involve for the crop in the sensitive period. As a result, the crop will be safeguarded against any sad moisture content conditions. 7. LP Model Formulation for Optimal Cropping Pattern At the start of each dry season, depending on the storage volume in the reservoir, the crop pattern must be determined.To evaluate the crop pattern, another LP model is used. In this model, irrigation depths are calculated from Eq. (6). The formulation i s as follows The objective function is MaxZ = C1 X1+ C2 X2+ C3 X3 (19) which is subject to the following constraints 1. Total available area X1+X2+X3? A (20) where X1, X2, and X3 are the decision variables related to the area of individual cropsC1, C2, and C3 are the cost coefficient for each crop in Indian Rupees (1 US $ = 50 INR) and A is the maximum area available for irrigation. 2.Area of each individual crop 7 14 & 15 February 2009 Kuching, Sarawak The area under each crop is required to be constrained thus, there are lower and hurrying bounds on the area under each crop. The lower bounds indicate the minimum area that can be allocated to a crop, while the upper bound indicates the maximum. In the present study, the lower bounds were defined for all the crops except cash crops, while the upper bounds were defined considering the present cropping pattern. The constraints can be expressed as Li? Xi? Mi (21) here Li corresponds to the lower bound of the area for the ith crop and Mi corresponds to the upper bound on the area of the ith crop. 8. Model Application The developed models were applied to the Chiller reservoir system in Madhya Pradesh, India (Latitude 23o23 N and Longitude 76o18 E). In the central part of India, many reservoir projects have been constructed for irrigation, but no irrigation is available from these reservoirs during the monsoon period (from June to September). The area receives about 90 to 95 % of its rainfall during the Monsoon season. The rainfall then becomes runoff to the reservoirs.These reservoirs are designed to contain the runoff in the monsoon season, but there is no runoff during non-monsoon months. The present formulations are specially suited for these types of reservoirs. Non-monsoon rainfall is rare and provides little runoff. A systematic data base was prepared for the various physical features of the reservoirs, including the meteorological and hydrological data such as evapotransiration, details of crops in the comm and area, details of net returns from individual crops and soil properties collected from the College of Agriculture, Indore, India. . Results and Discussion best Crop Pattern A separate computer program was run before the real time operation program to determine the optimum crop pattern for all possible storage values. The results of the optimum crop pattern are stated in remand 1. The results indicate that from a storage level of 31. 10 M m3 to a storage level of 26. 06 M m3, the cropping pattern is same as the one that has been adopted in the project formulation. However, below a storage level of 26. 06 M m3, the crop pattern changes suddenly, and wheat (ordinary) is not recommended by the model.The area of wheat (hybrid) also gets reduced when the rainfall storage is below this level. However, the area for Gram is full, up to a storage level of 15. 83 M m3. The change in cropping pattern indicates that efficient water usage is maintained. Table 1 Optimum Cropping Pattern for D ifferent screw Storage Values Area (ha) for different crops Live storage (M m3) Wheat (ordinary) Gram Wheat (hybrid) 4. 3230 342. 910 120. 00 8. 2379 427. 580 500. 00 12. 3246 15. 8632 20. 7581 26. 0986 28. 8610 30. 1250 31. gigabyte 300. 0 300. 0 300. 0 300. 0 1084. 015 1100. 000 1100. 00 1100. 000 1100. 000 1100. 000 1100. 000 500. 00 855. 00 1434. 00 1700. 00 1700. 00 1700. 00 1700. 00 Results from Real-Time Operation Model The real-time operation model gives an optimal operating policy for the available storage in the present fortnight considering the future. The model also yields the values of irrigation to be applied to individual crops in the fields. In the wake of deficient water supplies, the model distributes the available water over the time for different crops optimally. The sample results of the present model are stated in Table 2.The available moisture to the crops is not affected, and generally the soil remains at the upper limit of the available soil-moisture. This 8 14th MANCO is because the crop pattern is predicted according to the availability of the storage in the reservoir. The results are indicative of successful application of the real-time operation strategy proposed in the present work. Table 2 Sample Results Showing the Soil wet, Available Soil Moisture, Storage, and Irrigation to be applied for Different Crops for a Real-Time Reservoir Operation Model (LP) Live Storage in the Reservoir 31. 1 M m3 FORTNIGHTPARAMETER 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Reservoir Storage (M m3 ) 29. 28 28. 17 26. 30 22. 22 Crop 1) Soil Moisture (mm/cm) 3. 76 3. 89 3. 84 3. 07 2) Available soil Moisture 0. 9 0. 9 0. 9 0. 87 (mm/cm) 3) Applied Irrigation (mm) 53. 62 90. 63 92. 87 36. 04 Crop 1) Soil Moisture (mm/cm 3. 90 3. 07 3. 28 3. 15 2) Available soil Moisture 0. 9 0. 87 0. 9 0. 9 (mm/cm) 3) Applied Irrigation (mm) 68. 76 22. 27 60. 67 41. 59 Crop 1) Soil Moisture (mm/cm 4. 00 2) Available soil Moisture 0. 9 (mm/cm) 3) Applied Irrigation (mm) 94. 21 19. 6 8 14. 64 10. 87 Wheat (ordinary) 3. 54 3. 30 3. 22 0. 9 . 9 0. 9 5. 62 4. 24 3. 63 3. 60 3. 17 0. 9 4. 0 0. 9 -. 163. 9 8. 44 23. 02 GRAM 3. 28 3. 66 0. 9 0. 9 19. 94 102. 6 3. 23 0. 9 3. 47 0. 9 37. 64 53. 15 Wheat (hybrid) 3. 06 3. 48 3. 32 0. 86 0. 9 0. 9 0. 00 33. 17 3. 28 0. 9 3. 38 0. 9 3. 18 0. 9 3. 19 0. 9 37. 19 162. 9 0. 00 36. 09 0. 0 3. 4 0. 9 26. 96 127. 9 78. 89 Relative Yield Ratios Relative yield ratios computed for different crops at different live storage values are shown in Table 3. The relative yield ratios for all the crops become one if live storage in the reservoir is equal to or greater than 28. 9 M m3. The GA model is found to be better for application in real world operation of the reservoir. Table 3 Relative Yield Ratio for Different Live Storage Values Computed With a Real-Time Reservoir Operation Model Relative yield ratio for Live different crops storage LP (M m3 ) Wheat Gram Wheat (hybrid) (ordinary) 4. 3230 0. 9677 1. 000 8. 2362 0. 9083 1. 0 00 12. 3246 0. 9576 1. 000 0. 989 1. 000 20. 7581 26. 0986 1. 000 0. 987 0. 987 0. 911 0. 952 28. 8610 1. 000 0. 987 1. 000 30. 1250 31. super C 10. 15. 8632 1. 000 1. 000 1. 000 1. 000 1. 000 1. 000 ConclusionA real-time model using an integrated Linear Programming Model for a reservoir system meant for irrigation has been developed in the present study to obtain an optimal reservoir operating policy that incorporates field level decisions, while also deciding the appropriate time and center of water to release from the reservoir. 9 14 & 15 February 2009 Kuching, Sarawak From the analysis, the following conclusions can be drawn The developed model can be successfully applied to irrigation supporting reservoir systems. Furthermore, the models ensure an optimum reservoir release over different time periods.In addition, they also ensure optimum allocation of the available water over the different crops in the fields. While allocating the water to different crops in the fields, the model takes into account the critical growth stages of the crops and allocates sufficient water to each crop to safeguard it against any ill effects of water deficits. The optimum crop pattern model used in the study will only allow productive irrigation, so the amount of wasted water is reduced. Acknowledgements The authors would like to express sincere thanks to Universiti Sains Malaysia for the financial support of this work.Nomenclature AETi k k Actual evapotranspiration in period k from crop i (mm) APET ARFk Ak and BK Ao d Actually occurring potential evapotranspiration in period k (mm) Actual rainfall value in the fortnight k Constants relating the storage to reservoir evaporation Area of spread at dead storage level Depletion factor EDik impressive root zone depth of a crop i in period k (cm) k +1 i ED Effective root zone depth of a crop i in period k+1 (cm) Eff Fkcik ID Overall efficiency Crop evapotranspiration coefficient Industrial supply from the reservoir (mandatory r elease) IRRikIrrigation applied to crop i in stage k (mm) k Ky Yield response factors for a crop i in period k PETi k RE RF k Potential evapotranspiration in a particular geographical location (mm) Rate of evaporation in fortnight k k Sk Sk+1 Zf Zw Zww Rainfall in period k (mm) Reservoir storage at the beginning of period k Reservoir storage at the end of period k vault of heaven capacity for the soil (mm/cm) Permanent wilting point for the soil (mm/cm) Critical available moisture limit (mm/cm) ? ik ? ik +1 Final soil moisture in a particular time stage k for a particular crop i (mm/cm) Yai Ymi Actual crop yield Maximum crop yieldInitial soil moisture in the time stage k in for a crop i (mm/cm) 10 14th MANCO References 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. Doorenbos, J. , and Kassam, A. H. (1979). Yield Response to Water. Irrigation and Drainage Paper, 33, FAO, Rome. Dudley, N. J. , Howell, D. T. , and Musgrave, W. F. (1971). Optimal intraseasonal irrigation water allocation. Water Resour Res. , 7(4), 770-788. Dudley, N. J. and Burt O. R (1973). Stochastic reservoir Management and system design for irrigation, Water Resources Res. 9(3), 507-522. Duldley, N J. 1988). A single decision-maker approach to irrigation reservoir and farm management decision making, Water Resources Res. , 24(5) 633-640. Dudley, N. J. and Musgrave, W. F. (1993). Economics of water allocation under certain conditions. In Biswas, A. K. et al. , ed. Water for sustainable development in the twenty-first century. Oxford University Press, Delhi. Fedders, R. A. , Kowalic, P. S. and Zarandy, H. , (1978). Simulation of field water use and crop yield. Centre for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation, Wganingen. Haan, C T. (1977). Statistics methods in hydrology, Iowa State Press, Iowa.Hajilala, M. S. , Rao, N. H and Sarma, P. B . S. (1998). Real time operation of reservoir based canal irrigation systems, Agricultural Water Ma nagement, 38, 103-122. Holland, J. H. , (1975). Adaptation in natural and artificial systems, University of knot Press, Cambridge Mass. Labadie, J. W. (2004). Optimal operation of multi reservoir systems State-of-the-art review, J. Water Resour. Plan. Manage. 130(2), 93111. Mohan, S. , Raman, S. , and Premganesh, G. , (1991). Real-time reservoir operation. IWRS, 11(1), pp. 35-37. Mujumdar, P. P. , and Sandeep Narulkar. , (1993).Optimisation models for multireservoir planning and operation, Hydrology Review, Vol. VIII, No. 1, pp. 29-52. (Pub Indian National Committee on Hydrology, Roorkee, India) Mujumdar, P. P. and Ramesh, T S. V. , (1997). Real time reservoir operation for irrigation, J. Water resources research, Vol. 33, No 5, 1157-1164. Narulkar, S. M. (1995). Optimum real-time operation of multi reservoir systems for Irrigation scheduling. Ph. D Thesis submitted at I. I. T. , Bombay, India Oliveira, R. and Loucks, D. P. , (1997). operating(a) rules for multi reservoir system, W ater Resources Research 33(4), 839852. Rao, N. H. , (1987).Field test for a simple soil-water balance model for irrigated areas. J. of Hydrology, 91, 179-186. Rao, N. H. , Sarma, P. B. S. and Chander, S. (1988). Irrigation scheduling under a limited water supply. Agri. Water Management, 15, 165-175. Rao, N. H. , Sarama, P. B. S. , and Chander, S. (1990). optimal multicrop allocations of seasonal and interseasonal irrigation water. Water Resour. Res. , 26(4), 551-559. Reddy, J. M. and Nagesh Kumar, D. (2006). Optimal reservoir operation using multi-objective evolutionary algorithm, Water Resources Management, Springer, 20, No. 6, 861-878. Reddy, J. M. and Nagesh Kumar, D. (2007).Optimal reservoir operation for irrigation of multiple crops using elitist-mutated particle pack optimization, Hydrological Sciences Journal, IAHS Press, UK, Vol. 52, No. 4, 686-701, Sharif, M. and Wardlaw, R. (2000). Multireservoir System Optimization Using genetic algorithms Case Study. J. Comp. in Civ. En grg. ASCE, 14(4), 255263. Shie-Yui L. , Al-Fayyaz T. A. , and Sai L. K. (2004). Application of evolutionary algorithms in reservoir operations, Journal of the Institution of Engineers, Singapore, 44(1), 39-54. Vedula, S. and Mujumdar, P. P. (1992). Optimal Reservoir Operation for Irrigation of Multiple Crops. Water Resour. Res. 28(1), 1-9. Vedula, S. and Mujumdar, P. P. (1993). Modelling for Reservoir Operation for Irrigation. Proceedings of Intl Conf. on Environmentally Sound Water Resources Utilisation, Bangkok. Vedula, S. and Nagesh Kumar, D. (1996). An integrated model for optimal reservoir operation for irrigation of multiple crops, Water Resources Research, American Geophysical Union, 32, (4), 1101-1108. Wurbs, R. A. (1993). Reservoir system simulation and optimization models. J. Water Resource Manage. ASCE 119 (4), 455472. Yeh, W. W. G. (1985). Reservoir management and operation models A State of the Art Review, Water Resour. Res. 21(1), 1797-1818. 11