What is a societal problem you believe needs to be addressed?

Although there are numerous societal problems that needs immediate attention but one problem which I feel needs most of the attention is society morality conflict. I would further elaborate my statement by saying that the people living in the society have become immoral and they indulge themselves in those kinds of acts that are not only immoral but they are unethical as well. Abortion is one major part of the moral conflicts between the societies as there are some people who are against it while some think that it is a human right. However, I would say that killing the baby without any valid reason or justification is not ethical. Moreover, the people are getting more and more prone to drugs and drinking and this not only harms the health of the individuals who consume drugs but it also leaves a negative impact on the society. Prostitution is also seen on a rise as the men are unsatisfied with their life partners and this is one quick way for the women to make money despite of the fact that this is not a moral practice. One more conflict in the society is occurring between the people who believe in God and the people who follow atheism. Atheists are the people who do not believe in any gods and this gives a negative connotation because most of the people in the society worship gods. Due to the rise in unemployment and the people being unable to support their living, they are left with two options; either they tend to commit suicide or they indulge in unethical acts that affect the society in a negative way and these have become a major evil for the society and the people.

My view on scent of woman

This film Is about a young man named Charles who studies In a middle school and the e Thanksgiving Day he wants to go home with his family, but he has not enough moon y so he Is going to work as a companion of Colonel Frank who Is a strange, blind, Ion Ely man. First, Charles wants to finish this task for money, but when he lives with the Colonel, he finds himself. On the other hand, there Is a terrible thing disturbs him, w hither he should tell the true about who have done the thing which makes the head master embarrassing and have destroyed the school rule.The headmaster tells Chart sees that if he doesn't tell him the true he will be fired. At the end, he doesn't tell who d this thing, and Frank is proud of him, the students from this school also cheer up of r him. In my opinion, this film is very good. Not only because of its wonderful story but also I t tell us that we should maintain our principle. Nowadays, more and more people are selfish, but Charles can maintain his princi ple, it's difficult for him to do that. Because he doesn't tell the true that he will be fired.At first, I see this film's name, I think this film maybe about the woman, but when I finish this film, I know that this is not about Oman but about two men. I am moved by this film, because there are many reasons for me to move by this film. The most moved screen is that when the woman says that t Charles wont be fired from school, almost all students cheer up for him. That is not only Charles' personal win but also the spirit that keeping principle's win. In this film, there is another man who makes me impressed, his name is Frank.Frank is blind, an d because of this makes him go to the bottom of life, but the tourism of New York hell him find himself, and he finds the life passion again. Nowadays, more and more persons lose themselves; they are selfish, dishonest, and s nobles. They lose their soul. But in our society there also are people like Charles. So when we meet the setbacks, we should remember the Colonel's word: Person's life Juju SST a few decades, the most important thing Is to not let their own, and malting a com plate soul. Because of a broken leg missing arm Is not the ugliest, Incompleteness Is t he soul of the ugliest!

Personal and Organization Ethics Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Personal and Organization Ethics - Term Paper Example Values. These are the things that are valued by an organization or an individual. We possess these personal values in which we are either conscious or unconscious about them. Famous and successful people have personal values that had guided them in propelling up to the top. These are needed in coming up with a decision, judgment, and contemplating outcome. I should have known my personal values so that I can make a better choice. Commitment, competence, candor and courage are the values which will guide me to become a future manager. Vision Statement. Having personal vision/mission statement allows me to create a life that truly reflects who I am. This statement will propel the direction of my life and ultimately, to make decisions toward success. As human being, I have a purpose in life and this personal vision/mission statement will be the framework in creating my life a powerful one. It is one of the reasons why we exist though it changes rarely (Peterkin, n.d.). With this own vision, I can picture out my true identity in the future, who I want to be, what I want to do and what to feel which will be grounded by my present. My personal vision statement states like this: â€Å"I will become a manager in the organization I belong, helping transform it into an open organization among its members and take charge in succeeding difficult tasks.† Mission Statement. My personal vision will be manifested in my daily life through writing my own mission statement. The uniqueness of my identity and the person I want to be will be reflected in my personal mission statement. To succeed, the statement should be inspiring and project one self. This will be a step to get to my vision in becoming a future manage. My personal mission statement goes like this: â€Å"To value and live in manner that shows respect to those who surrounds me by fostering healthy relationships, taking charge and succeeding in difficult situations. Accordingly, I will do this by expressing

Guinness International Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Guinness International - Essay Example Alcohol is a dependence-producing drug that causes detrimental societal and physical effects. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), it leads to diseases, early mortality, accidents, and violent crimes (Camerra-Rowe, 11-12, 17). No doubt, the technologies in the beer industry are the brewing facilities and the bottling and packaging technology. However, technology is not the critical success factor for brewing fine beer, more important are the brewer's marketing image and the recipe (Alan Moen). Beer brewing contributes to global warming by emitting carbon dioxide. The use and disposal of bottles and packaging also contribute to environmental pollution (Brewers Association of Japan). Hence, beer brewing is a cause of concern for much environmentalists (Camerra-Rowe, 8, 24). The beer industry operates within a tight legal environment. Numerous legislation exist in various nations to curb the advertising and excessive consumption of alcohol (Camerra-Rowe, 5, 14-15). Examples include control on drunk driving, operation hours of pubs, advertising, distribution, and even import controls, such as in Sweden (Camerra-Rowe, 13-15; Diageo, 9). Strong marketing and advertising (Asia Pacific Breweries Limited, 2). ... SWOT ANALYSIS Having analysed the external environment, let us perform an internal analysis of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats specific to the company. Strengths Sales volume increases in Asia in recent years (Asia Pacific Breweries Limited, 2). Strong marketing and advertising (Asia Pacific Breweries Limited, 2). Its main forms of advertising are magazine, newspaper, point of sale, poster and billboard advertising, and radio, cinema, and television advertising where appropriate. It also uses consumer promotional programmes in the on trade, such as bars and restaurants (Diageo, 8). Strong in human resources. Guinness International Learning Centre was set up for the purpose of training and development (Diageo, 8; Guinness Storehouse). Besides, the building of a pool of talented human resources is its core strategic imperative (Diageo, 8). Hence, it provides a competitive compensation package (Diageo, 8). Established and strong in the Africa market (Diageo, 7). Its parent company, Diageo is "the world's leading premium drinks business with a collection of international brand" (Diageo, 1). Weaknesses Not the leader in market share in Asia (Asia Pacific Breweries Limited, 15). No emphasis on research and development (Diageo, 9) Opportunities Alcohol consumption in eastern Europe, Asia, Indochina (Vietnam and Cambodia), and America is rising (Asia Pacific Breweries Limited, 1; Camerra-Rowe, 8). Europe, with the highest per capita alcohol consumption in the world (Camerra-Rowe, 12), is a mature market. The market is fragmented due to differences in taste around the world, as well as national barriers to trade that stipulate the allowable ingredients, alcoholic content level, and size of containers of beer (Camerra-Rowe, 5). For example,

Role of Auditor in Public Sector Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Role of Auditor in Public Sector - Essay Example It can exist in the form of direct administration through tax systems; it can also be represented by publicly owned enterprises, which have more commercial freedom. Nowadays the role of audit and audit committees in public sector plays greater and greater role. Audit is the check of accountant documentation to prove its authenticity. But in more general sense audit is just a check of any phenomenon or activity by an independent expert, who is called auditor. Speaking about the statutory role of auditor in the public sector it should be said that there is an ethic codex for the auditors in public sector. And here we will refer to this codex as the brightest statutory document which singles out the main features of auditors in public sector. An ethic codex is a detailed official list of values and principles which auditors should use as ruling in their activity. There are high demands towards auditors in public sector. The behavior of an auditor must always remain above any suspicion. The wrong behavior presents all auditors in the disadvantageous light. Honesty is the basic demand of the ethic codex. Auditors must keep to the high and worthy standards of behavior in the process of work and their relations with the checking organizations. Auditors are also to support the public trust. There are recommendations as for using auditors in checking any enterprises of public sector. And any government body should choose an audit organization to maintain and fulfill the financial oversight. The system of financial control and reporting can be increased and strengthened through using an effective audit. This can also make the audit process more integral. According to Mayhew, 'auditor is an integral part of public accountability and governance. He plays a crucial role in making all financial processes and documentation integral, and also directing the system of internal control and the control of employee management.' (Mayhew, 2001) The role of an auditor depends on the size, sphere and kind of activity of the specific establishment. The main functions of the auditor in the public sector are: approving the general audit scope, financial planning, performing audit in a cost-effective manner. Risk management is also another function of the auditor. There are the three main features which should be peculiar of the auditor in order to fulfill the necessary functions in the public sector. The first of them is independence. In the public sector, the structure of entities does not separate the governing authority and oversight responsibility from the day-to-day management. For example, a public university president may be both the chief executive officer and a board member. (Hollingsworth, 1999) The auditor must be independent, and he must provide the necessary processes for supporting this independence. He is an independent expert, first of all. Communication is another trait of auditor. He must be capable

Wyndham Adopts a Stakeholder Orientation Marketing Strategy Case Study

Wyndham Adopts a Stakeholder Orientation Marketing Strategy - Case Study Example The case study "Wyndham Adopts a Stakeholder Orientation Marketing Strategy" shows how the hotel giant Wyndham Worldwide has gained its brand image in the global market and has a huge reputation. It also shows how the company faces problems from its competitors, substitutes and also because of the wrong promotion. The company grew at a fast pace and merged with Patriot American hospitality in 1988. This new company was named as the Wyndham International Inc., this company started to implement a new aggressive strategy of acquiring hotels and companies across the globe in different parts of different countries. In 2005, Cendant Corporation took over Wyndham hotel brand and started its lodging, vacation and also in the retail business and was able to create the worldwide presence of Wyndham Worldwide and it replaced the name Cendant. Porter’s five forces are generally used for the industry analysis and for understanding the business strategy. It includes the five major factors that help to determine the competitive intensity and the competitive edge that the co0mapny has in the market. The three of Porter's five forces are related to the external sources that affect the business strategy and also results in either success or failure of the business strategies. While the other two are generally the internal factors the influence the business operations. The threat of New Entrants with respect to Wyndham Worldwide is very Low as the company has a huge capital and also a good chain present across the globe.

Some of the best presents are those that cost the least Essay - 1

Some of the best presents are those that cost the least - Essay Example Not many people are aware that gift giving was originally practiced in early civilizations. People in tribes gave tributes to their leaders as a token of love, loyalty and appreciation. â€Å"They used bark and wood from the trees, and reeds to fashion unique objects. The Roman practice of presenting the Emperor, and each other was with good luck tokens. They received presents in order to procure favor and to demonstrate allegiance, a practice still in place today.† (Corbett, 2010, par. 2) What started as simple and cheap presents eventually led to more intricate, expensive and luxurious gifts. With the growth and development of technology, there are just so many products in the market that any one can choose from. As people become more inventive, innovative, and creative, a wide array of gift items are offered in the market at everyone’s delight. Concurrently, people gained increasingly alternative sources of income giving those potentials to spend more. In an article written by Moon (2009), people started to give expensive and luxurious gifts to â€Å"please the senses, soul, mind and spirit. By nature this type of gift symbolizes something that is not necessarily a necessity, but something that obviously adds pleasure, comfort and frills† (par. 6). Though the giver can obviously afford giving expensive presents, the recipient can either appreciate it or not depending on status, need, and personal philosophy in life. Some of the best presents are those that cost the least. The true value of gifts is not shown in the price tags for the presents bought. Anyone can easily buy anything without sincere regard for what the recipient truly needs. Presents which are well thought of and creatively done by the giver – however simple it is – still is the best present that anyone could give. In an article written in Journey 2 Retirement,

Plea-bargaining Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Plea-bargaining - Essay Example The advantage of this system is that there is no need for a trial, a right that the defendant waives losing the chance for acquittal. However, the defendant â€Å"escapes† with a lesser charge than would have been the case had trial been done. The state saves on the cost of conducting a trial (Grossman & Katz, 1983). For the system to be operational, there are issues that are pre-negotiated including the reduction of charges, recommendations regarding the sentence itself or the guarantee that the prosecution would not oppose a request for probation. The process of plea-bargaining after the crime is committed and the accused person is arrested. The accused pleads guilty in exchange of an agreed sentence recommended by the judge. There are three types of pleas bargains. These are charge bargaining, count bargaining and sentence bargaining. The first type of bargain is where the defendant agrees to plead to a charge that is lesser than the one he is charged with. The second is wh ere the defendant will have the number of charges that he faces reduced in number and the third is where the defendant simply pleads guilty with prior knowledge of what the sentence will be. The process of plea bargaining is a private matter where only the accused, the defendant counsel, the prosecutor and in some cases the judge may be in attendance. The offer of plea bargain is used to locate stolen goods, to help arrest other culprits or to know the location of a kidnapped victim or a killed individual. A plea bargain does not undermine the system of law. Although the facts indicate that the practice usually leads to reduced sentences to guilty parties without the process of trial, there are benefits that aid in offsetting the negative sentiments expressed in relation to the practice. There are many advantages to plea bargaining as there are disadvantages. Considering the success rates of plea bargaining compared to that of trials, the practice inadvertently aids in the reduction of criminals on the streets as well as guarantee speedy dispensation of justice (Goldstein, 1997). In exchange, the prosecution gets information that might be valuable to the conviction of more serious crimes or may get information that might be the missing link towards the conclusion of a case in a court or an investigation. There are instances where plea bargaining has been considered as lacking. The prisoner?s dilemma scenario plays out during plea bargains (Schulhofer, 1992). Consider two people who have been accused. The prosecution will attempt to unearth the facts of the case by offering a plea bargain to one party so that he can testify against the other party. Regardless of whether both parties are guilty or not, the person who confesses will give false information incriminating even those who may not be guilty in an attempt to get himself out of the larger sentence. Another scenario is when the defendant cannot raise bail. Such a defendant will plead guilty to the charges leveled against him regardless of whether he is guilty or not. Such a person considers the length of time that trials usually take and chooses to plead to a plea bargain that might present a lesser time than that which he would have faced awaiting trial. Some critics argue that plea bargaining does not always result in saving on costs (Kipnis, 1979). They consider that a prosecutor who has a remote chance of getting a conviction may enter a plea bargain with the aim of getting reduced time for the defendant. If such a defendant accepts the deal, he will increase the cost to the state as he will be catered for in a jail. On the contrary, if the trial had dragged on until the end, the defendant would have been acquitted and that would have carried no extra cost to the state. There are

The Responsibility Project Essay Example for Free

The Responsibility Project Essay In viewing a short film Table Guardians in The Responsibility Project website, organizational issues were displayed. The short film acted out a community coffee shop that different groups of individuals came and gone. An early aged male engaged in conversation with a mid-aged female requesting that she oversee his belongings and table while he quickly went to the copy shop a block away and ensured her that he will return quickly in a matter of minutes, 10 minutes; 12 minutes max. The women, although partially hesitant, agreed to watch over his table and belongings that included a personal computer and writing supplies. As time passed, several individuals attempted to make use of the crowded coffee shop table; however, the women overseeing the table informed those individuals that table was taken and the young man will soon return. After the women waited for over an hour guarding the table, she was asked if she was leaving her table by another women and she explained to her that she would have been gone, but she is overseeing the table across the way for a gentlemen. The women offered the exchange of overseeing the table for her table and she gladly accepted. After the exchange of four other overseers of this table, the gentleman finally returns. The fourth individual overseeing table doesn’t allow the gentlemen to easily recover his table and personal belongings. She informs him that the table is taken and belongs to a gentleman that will be coming back. He tries to explain that he is that gentleman and that he is back. She then requests proof of identity for the gentleman to recover his goods. Throughout the films entirety, it shows the communities ethical and moral reasoning of treating others as you wish to be treated by not leaving the gentleman’s personal belongings unattended as given word by a complete stranger initially. The integrity was kept throughout the exchange of overseers. The coffee shop employee kept his interests as a stakeholder by making the right decision to protect the employers’ expectations by statin g that he is not able to take responsibility of watching the table. By doing so the employee alleviated any possibilities of liability to the employer. It was also noted in the short film that the consumers in the coffee shop showed ethical reasoning by respecting the issue at hand that  the table was taken and not causing conflict in the coffee shop although the tables were filled and that table was sitting empty unattended. The end of the short film showed the same situation appearing to repeat itself; however, it is unknown whether or not it will end the same if it were in a different community. Also the outcome will depend on the ethical and moral interests for individuals involved. It could result in stolen or damaged goods. External social pressures have an influence on organizational issues. For instance, if this community discussed previously in the busy coffee shop had different ethical and moral interests in the community, the gentleman leaving his personal belongings may not have been comfortable in leaving his belongings with a stranger nor would he have asked. It was the gentleman’s belief that his belongings will be in safe keeping. The gentleman was apparently comfortable with outside factors of his community’s environment and the people; therefore, comfortable with the individual in the coffee shop to oversee his belongings. The coffee shop does not function alone, it is the outside of the business that influences how business is carried out inside. The guardians of the gentleman’s belongings were polite and moral by overseeing his belongings. It was morally and ethically wrong for the gentlemen to have left his belonging with an individual for longer than he had given his word for. The coffee shop employee responded ethically to the women who wanted him to oversee the table while working by stating he could not take responsibility while working. External social pressures can create a downside to organizations if social critics are not considered in organizations because consumer’s today is more â€Å"socially† aware. By organizations considering social pressures, this may assist in gearing their organization or business on the right direction for success. Concerning personal decision making, external social pressures may change decisions by simply the pressures of another outlook on the situation. An organization can simply apply pressure to have someone select their organization by offering free tutoring to an enrolled student or a business offering free gym membership for a year with purchase of insurance plan. Social pressure comes in numerous forms. The short film Table Guardians did not clearly show any legal issues per say; however could have resulted a legal issue if the employee decided to watch the gentleman’s belongings while working. Instead, the employee stated that he was could not oversee the table because liability reasons. Should the employee decide to watch table and the gentleman’s belongings came up stolen or damaged, it would have been a liability to coffee shop owner. The employee made the ethical decision. Overall, the short film addressed responsibility ethically, morally, and legally. Ethically is protecting concepts of right or wrong. Morality is more of the personal characteristics of interests and decision making. Ethics and mortality are subjective because no two individuals think alike. The legal system retains general humanities ethics; otherwise, we will suffer the consequences. References The Responsibility Project. (2008). Retrieved from http://responsibility- project.libertymutual.com/films/table-guardians#fbid=S14kx8DovBx

Sampling Probability Essay Example for Free

Sampling Probability Essay Probability And Non Probability Sampling Cultural Studies Essay A probability sampling method is any method of sampling that utilizes some form of random selection. In order to have a random selection method, you must set up some process or procedure that assures that the different units in your population have equal probabilities of being chosen. Humans have long practiced various forms of random selection, such as picking a name out of a hat, or choosing the short straw. These days, we tend to use computers as the mechanism for generating random numbers as the basis for random selection. Probability sampling methods are those in which every item in the universe has a known chance, or probability of being chosen for sample. This implies that the selection of the sample items is independent of the person making the study that is the sampling operation is controlled so objectively that the items will be chosen strictly at random. Types of probability sampling Simple Random Sampling: The simplest form of random sampling is called simple random sampling. Neither of these mechanical procedures is very feasible and, with the development of inexpensive computers there is a much easier way. Simple random sampling is simple to accomplish and is easy to explain to others. Because simple random sampling is a fair way to select a sample, it is reasonable to generalize the results from the sample back to the population. Simple random sampling is not the most statistically efficient method of sampling and you may, just because of the luck of the draw, not get good representation of subgroups in a population. To deal with these issues, we have to turn to other sampling methods. Systematic Sampling: Stratified Random Sampling, also sometimes called proportional or quota random sampling, involves dividing your population into homogeneous subgroups and then taking a simple random sample in each subgroup. There are several major reasons why you might pref er stratified sampling over simple random sampling. First, it assures that you will be able to represent not only the overall population, but also key subgroups of the population, especially small minority groups. If you want to be able to talk about subgroups, this may be the only way to effectively assure youll be able to. If the subgroup is extremely small, you can use different sampling fractions within the different strata to randomly over-sample the small group. When we  use the same sampling fraction within strata we are conducting proportionate stratified random sampling. When we use different sampling fractions in the strata, we call this disproportionate stratified random sampling. Second, stratified random sampling will generally have more statistical precision than simple random sampling. This will only be true if the strata or groups are homogeneous. If they are, we expect that the variability within-groups are lower than the variability for the population as a whole. Stratified sampling capitalizes on that fact. Strati fied Sampling: For this to work it is essential that the units in the population are randomly ordered, at least with respect to the characteristics you are measuring. For one thing, it is fairly easy to do. You only have to select a single random number to start things off. It may also be more precise than simple random sampling. Finally, in some situations there is simply no easier way to do random sampling. For instance, I once had to do a study that involved sampling from all the books in a library. Once selected, I would have to go to the shelf, locate the book, and record when it last circulated. I knew that I had a fairly good sampling frame in the form of the shelf list (which is a card catalogue where the entries are arranged in the order they occur on the shelf). To do a simple random sample, I could have estimated the total number of books and generated random numbers to draw the sample. Cluster Sampling: The problem with random sampling methods when we have to sample a population thats disbursed across a wide geographic region is that you will have to cover a lot of ground geographically in order to get to each of the units you sampled. Imagine taking a simple random sample of all the residents of New York State in order to conduct personal interviews. By the luck of the draw you will wind up with respondents who come from all over the state. Your interviewers are going to have a lot of travelling to do. It is for precisely this problem that cluster or area random sampling was invented. In cluster sampling, we follow these steps: divide population into clusters (usually along geographic boundaries), randomly sample clusters, and measure all units within sampled clusters. Multi Stage Sampling: The four methods weve covered so far simple, stratified, and systematic and cluster are the simplest random sampling strategies. In most real applied social research, we would use sampling methods that are considerably more complex than these simple variations. The most important principle here is  that we can combine the simple methods described earlier in a variety of useful ways that help us address our sampling needs in the most efficient and effective manner possible. When we combine sampling methods, we call this multi-stage sampling. Non probability Sampling Non probability sampling methods are those, which do not provide every item in the universe with a known chance of being included in the sample. The selection process is to some extent The difference between non probability and probability sampling is that non probability sampling does not involve random selection and probability sampling does. Does that mean that non probability samples arent representative of the population? Not necessarily. But it does mean that non probability samples cannot depend upon the rationale of probability theory. At least with a probabilistic sample, we know the odds or probability that we have represented the population well. We are able to estimate confidence intervals for the statistic. With non probability samples, we may or may not represent the population well, and it will often be hard for us to know how well weve done so. In general, researchers prefer probabilistic or random sampling methods over non probabilistic ones, and consider them to be more accurate and rigorous. However, in applied social research there may be circumstances where it is not feasible, practical or theoretically sensible to do random sampling. Here, we consider a wide range of non probabilistic alternatives. We can divide non probability sampling methods into two broad types: accidental or purposive. Most sampling methods are purposive in nature because we usually approach the sampling problem with a specific plan in mind. The most important distinctions among these types of sampling methods are the ones between the different types of purposive sampling approaches. Types of non probability sampling Accidental, Haphazard or Convenience Sampling: One of the most common methods of sampling goes under the various titles listed here. I would include in this category the traditional man on the street (of course, now its probably the person on the street) interviews conducted frequently by television news programs to get a quick (although non representative) reading of public opinion. I would also argue that the typical use of  college students in much psychological research is primarily a matter of convenience. In clinical practice, we might use clients who are available to us as our sample. In many research contexts, we sample simply by asking for volunteers. Clearly, the problem with all of these types of samples is that we have no evidence that they are representative of the populations were interested in generalizing to and in many cases we would clearly suspect that they are not. Purposive Sampling: In purposive sampling, we sample with a purpose in mind. We usually would have one or more specific predefined groups we are seeking. They size up the people passing by and anyone who looks to be in that category they stop to ask if they will participate. One of the first things theyre likely to do is verify that the respondent does in fact meet the criteria for being in the sample. Purposive sampling can be very useful for situations where you need to reach a targeted sample quickly and where sampling for proportionality is not the primary concern. With a purposive sample, you are likely to get the opinions of your target population, but you are also likely to overweight subgroups in your population that are more readily accessible. For each type of sampling give the advantages and disadvantages. Advantages and Disadvantages of Probability sampling Simple Random Sampling: Advantages: It is easy to implement It requires a listing of population element. Since selection of its items in the sample depends on change there is no possibility of personal bias affecting the result. As compared to judgment sampling a random sample represents the universe in a better way. As the size of the sample increases, it becomes increasingly representative of the population. The analyst can easily assess the accuracy of the estimates because sampling errors follows the principle of chance. The theory of random sampling is further developed than that of any type of sampling, which enables the researcher to provide the most reliable information at least cost. Disadvantages The use of simple random sampling necessitates a completely catalogued  universe from which to draw the sample. That is it uses large sample size. The size of the sample requires ensuring the statistical reliability is usually under random sampling rather than stratified. From the point of view of field survey it has been claimed that the cases selected by random sampling tend to be too widely dispersed geographically and that the time and the cost of collecting data becomes very large. It produces large errors. Random sampling may produce the most non random looking results. Systematic Sampling Advantages It is simple to design and convenient to adopt. It is easier to use than simple random sampling It is easy to determine sampling distribution Less expensive than random sampling. The time and work involved in sampling by this method are relatively less. The result obtained are found to be generally satisfactory provided care is taken to see that there are no periodic features associated with the sampling intervals. If the population are sufficiently large, systematic sampling can often be expected to yield results similar to those obtained by proportional stratified sampling. Disadvantages Using intervals may squeeze the sample and the result. If the population list has a monotonic trend a bias estimate will result from the starting point. The main issue is that it becomes fewer representatives if the analyst is dealing with populations having hidden periodic that is not all the elements are known. Stratified Sampling Advantages The researcher control the sample size in each group Increase efficiency It is more representative as population is first divided into various strata and then sample is drawn from each stratum. Thus there is little chance that any essential group of the population is being completely excluded. There is greater accuracy as each stratum will consist of uniform or homogenous items. Disadvantages Provide data to represent and analyse sub groups. Increase error in reason if sub group are selected at different rate. It is expensive because it is widely distributed geographically and the sample costs per observation are high. If the sample is not homogeneous the result may not be reliable. It requires assistance of skilled sampling supervisors. Cluster Sampling Advantages It provides a unilateral estimate of population. It is more efficient It is easy to do without population unit. It enables each sub division of the population to be used at various stages and permits the fieldwork to be more concentrated. It is valuable in surveys of underdeveloped areas. Can be cheaper than other methods e.g. fewer travel expenses, administration costs Disadvantages It is more error prone. Higher sampling error, which can be expressed in the so-called design effect, the ratio between the number of subjects in the cluster study and the number of subjects in an equally reliable, randomly sampled unclustered study. Multi Stage Sampling Advantages The main purpose of the creation and present-day use of multi-stage sampling is ti avoid the problems of randomly sampling from a population that is larger than the researchers resources can handle. Multi-stage sampling gives researchers with limited funds and time a method to sample from such populations. This sampling procedure in essence is a way to reduce the population by cutting it up into smaller groups, which then can be the subject of random sampling. As long as the groups have low between-group variance, this form of sampling is a legitimate way to simplify the population. The multi-stage form of sampling is flexible in many senses. First, it allows researchers to employ random sampling or cluster sampling after the determination of groups. Second, researchers can employ  multi-stage sampling indefinitely to break down groups and subgroups into smaller groups until the researcher reaches the desired type or size of groups. Last, there are no restrictions on how researcher s divide the population into groups/ This allows a large number of possibilities for methods of convenience, the maximization or minimization of variance or interpretability. Disadvantages The flexibility of multi-stage sampling is a double-edged sword. Because of the lack of restrictions on the decision processes involved in choosing groups, multi-stage sampling has a level of subjectivity. Thus, there will always be questions as to whether the chosen groups were optimal. Researchers must find a way to justify their choices when presenting the studys findings. Due to the fact that multi-stage sampling cuts out portions of the population from the study, the studys findings can never be 100% representative of the population. Even though the theory of multi-stage sampling is to focus on the within-group variance and de-emphasize the between-group variance (which should be minimized), there is no way to know if the demographics cut from the study could have provided any useful information to the researchers. (http://www.ehow.com/info_8544049_advantages-disadvantages-multistage-sampling.html#ixzz27Sqmq8C8) Advantages and Disadvantages of Non probability sampling (Non Rando m Sampling) Convenience Sampling Advantages Convenience samples are cheap. Convenience samples can be used to intervene to satisfy dissatisfied customers. A key, often forgotten aspect of probability sampling is its dependence on external selection: inviting and then repeatedly reminding people to take a survey, which helps ensure representativeness. Putting a survey postcard with every bill presented at a restaurant is a convenience sample, since there is no follow-up and encouragement to take the survey: no true external selection. And in such cases dissatisfied customers are often more likely to complete such surveys – the survey does provide an opportunity to hear from such customers and ask them for contact information in order to take action to improve their satisfaction. Convenience samples  can provide rich qualitative information. When illustrative quotes are important, surveys to convenience samples can be a great source of rich verbatim comments on specific topics. The survey can also provide detailed demographic profiles to shed further light on the comments. Convenience samples may provide accurate correlations. Some argue that correlation research is accurate enough with convenience samples, since the study is not of proportions of the target audience but of the relationship between variables. Disadvantages Convenience samples do not produce representative results. If you need to extrapolate to the target population, convenience samples aren’t going to get you there. The natural tendency is to extrapolate from convenience samples. The tendency when using convenience samples is to treat the results as representative, even though they are not. Many people do not understand the theoretical underpinnings of probability sampling and treat any survey results as accurate representations of the target audience. While mainstream media outlets often will not publicize the results of surveys that used convenience samples, small media organizations often will, without describing the methodology as a convenience sample. The results of convenience samples are hard to replicate. If you analyze the results of a convenience survey by list source, you will often find dramatic differences in the answers from the different lists, often in ways that confound easy explanation Quota Sampling Quota sampling is particularly useful when you are unable to obtain a probability sample, but you are still trying to create a sample that is as representative as possible of the population being studied. In this respect, it is the non-probability based equivalent of the stratified random sample. Unlike probability sampling techniques, especially stratified random sampling, quota sampling is much quicker and easier to carry out because it does not require a sampling frame and the strict use of random sampling techniques (i.e. probability sampling techniques). This makes quota sampling popular in undergraduate and master’s level dissertations where there is a need to divide the population being studied into strata (groups). The quota sample improves the representation of particular strata (groups) within the  population, as well as ensuring that these strata are not over-represented. For example, it would ensure that we have sufficient male students taking part in the research (60% of our sample size of 100; hence, 60 male students). It would also make sure we did not have more than 60 male students, which would result in an over-representation of male students in our research. The use of a quota sample, which leads to the stratification of a sample (e.g. male and female students), allows us to more easily compare these groups (strata). Disadvantages of quota sampling In quota sampling, the sample has not been chosen using random selection, which makes it impossible to determine the possible sampling error. Indeed, it is possible that the selection of units to be included in the sample will be based on ease of access and cost considerations, resulting in sampling bias. It also means that it is not possible to make generalisations (i.e. statistical inferences) from the sample to the population. This can lead to problems of external validity. Also, with quota sampling it must be possible to clearly divide the population into strata; that is, each unit from the population must only belong to one stratum. In our example, this would be fairly simple, since our strata are male and female students. Clearly, a student could only be classified as either male or female. No student could fit into both categories (ignoring transgender issues). Furthermore, imagine extending the sampling requirements such that we were also interested in how career goals changed depending on whether a student was an undergraduate or postgraduate. Since the strata must be mutually exclusive, this means that we would need to sample four strata from the population: undergraduate males, undergraduate females, postgraduate males, and postgraduate females. This will increase overall sample size required for the research, which can increase costs and time to carry out the research Purposive or Judgemental Sampling The advantages of Judgment sampling are: Lower cost of sampling Lesser time involved in the process A select number of people who are known to be related to the topic are part of the study which means that there are lesser chances of having people who  will distort the data Good method for pretesting instruments like questionnaires. Some disadvantages are: It can be subject to experimenter’s bias and stereotypes that may distort the results. The group selected may not represent all the population It might not be possible to accurately identify the sample using this method in case the population is very large.

Antecedents and Consequences of Organizational Intelligence

Antecedents and Consequences of Organizational Intelligence Chapter 1: Introduction Life is not primarily a quest for pleasure, as Freud believed, or a quest for power, as Alfred Adler taught, but a quest for meaning in work (doing something significant), in love (caring for another person) and in courage (during difficult times) (Frankl, 2006). This chapter provides an overall understanding of this dissertation. Section 1.1 describes the research background. Section 1.2 discusses the research objectives and questions. The following section 1.3 explains research scope. In section 1.4, significance of the research is discussed. Finally, this dissertation describes the organization of this dissertation in Section 1.5. Research Background In today’s world, organizations confront fast and astonishing changes. Their survival will depend on adaptation capability they will perform so that, they can comply with those changes. As a result of this situation, the management concept with its process acquires a different character, which is because of technological progression and globalization. In this age, to consistently sustain the importance, knowledge concept of the organization is changing fast. In organizations, shared individual knowledge transform into organizational information. Effective application of organizational knowledge forms intelligent organizations progressively. However, in order to achieve these, an intuition of making use of knowledge in creative way is required. Therefore, to survive in the demanding and competitive environment, organizations are needed to be intelligent in today’s world. Organization is alive and, for being strived needs continuous information. While organization in the past have been viewed as compilations of tasks, products, employees, profit and processes, today they are increasingly seen as intelligent systems designed to manage knowledge. Therefore, measuring ability of learning, finding and logical thinking is necessary for evaluation and performance improvement. Seeing such scenario in high turbulent world, those men are successful and efficient who possess a high IQ. Undoubtedly, men can overcome their life problems by utilizing their given intelligence. Certainly, it is true in organizational world particularly in modern age in which organizations have become more complicated and their survival has become more difficult due to improvements in sciences and industries as well as the emergence of new needs and challenges overtime. Now, this question arises how we can prepare ourselves to face such uncertainties where change is only thing that is stable. Obviously, those organizations are successful which can utilize their employees thinking power effectively. As a fascinating concept and intriguing research area, â€Å"intelligence† finds strong appeal in many disciplines outside of individual and cognitive psychology (Sternberg and Kaufman, 1998). One of the disciplines that provoked increased interest in the importance of intelligence is the management and organization development literature (Glynn, 1996; March, 1999; Stalinski, 2004). In this globalized world, when the environment is so turbulent what the organizations are needed to do is, they need to be more intelligent in order to have competitive advantage over their competitors. Though the concept â€Å"organizational intelligence (OI)† was introduced in 1967 but not much has been done in this area till now. Even if we disregard the entire literature in which organizational intelligence was supposedly aggregated (Kurzman and Owens, 2002), the term is still ambiguous in the context of organizational development scholarship. This is true because there is a lack of a un ified theory of intelligence in organizational settings as noted by the numerous and fragmented perspectives and ideas of researchers in the field (Glynn, 1996). Research Questions and Objectives The primary objective of this dissertation is to delineate an integrative view of organizational intelligence and provide some guidelines. For this purpose, this dissertation attempts to find out the antecedents and consequences of organizational intelligence and to test the proposed conceptual model of organizational intelligence. Related with this purpose, previous research shows some research challenges. The first challenge is to explore the factor structure of organizational intelligence. An integrative perspective of organizational intelligence is a necessity. It is also noted that there is a dearth of studies which attempted to explore the factor structure of organizational intelligence. Consequently, the other challenge is to test the proposed conceptual model of organizational intelligence. Previous studies did not show any such empirical finding on this issue. Therefore, the main research aim is to find out the antecedents and consequences of OI and develop and test a model. This research has identified five important constructs in identifying the antecedents and consequences of OI: Leadership Organizational culture Organizational intelligence Organizational innovational capability Organizational performance This research discusses the following research questions: RQ1. What is the factor structure of the OI construct? RQ2. To what extent does leadership impact organizational intelligence? RQ3. To what extent does organizational culture impact organizational intelligence? RQ4. To what extent does organizational intelligence impact organizational performance via organizational innovational capability? On the basis of the above research questions following research objectives were formed: Research Objective 1 (RO1)- To explore the factor structure of organizational intelligence Research Objective 2 (RO2)- To investigate the influence of leadership on organizational intelligence Research objective 3 (RO3)- To investigate the influence of organizational culture on organizational intelligence Research Objective 4 (RO4)- To further understand the relationship between organizational intelligence and organizational performance via organizational innovational capability Research Objective 5 (RO5)- To assess existing models of OI Research Objective 6 (RO6)- To develop a conclusive model of antecedents and consequences of OI based on the research findings; and, Research Objective 7 (RO7)- To validate the model and test the hypotheses The sixth and seventh research objectives are the final output of this research, which attempts to develop an appropriate structural measurement model of antecedents and consequences of OI. Research scope This relation is aimed at investigating the antecedents and consequences of organizational intelligence. In doing so, this thesis presents a model of antecedents and consequences of organizational intelligence (OI), based on the Kalkhan (2007), Falletta (2008) and Albrecht’s (2003) model and empirically test hypotheses. This model of OI was validated by a survey in an R D organization. An organization is regarded as a system of inter subjectively shared meanings sustained through social interaction (Walsh and Ungson, 1991). Organizational intelligence emerges from those interactions that constitute the organization. It is embedded in the structured patterns of thought and action in which organizational members interact and engage (Glynn, 1996). Technologically advanced systems affect organizational intelligence as well. They enable the development of organizational intelligence (Huber, 1990; Leidner and Elam, 1995). Thus, organizational intelligence is more than the aggregate intelligence of organizational members; it is the intelligence of the organization itself as a larger system. An unintelligent organization can be composed of apparently intelligent people and an intelligent organization can be composed of relatively unintelligent components (Albrecht, 2003; Kerfoot, 2003). Organizations, as well as people, display differing degrees of intelligence. Difference s among organizations’ intelligences are not related to the differences among the intelligences of organizations’ members only. Many factors such as organizational symbols, patterns of interaction, organizational culture, socialization processes and advanced technological systems influence the differences among organizations’ intelligences. This area has not been much explored and especially in India not much significant work has come into the light. Therefore, a strong need was felt to study this area as it seems to be very important in today’s world. It has been found out that most of the works on OI are not empirically supported. Halal (1997) in his work stated that organizational intelligence leads to organizational performance. After the review of literature it was found that organizational intelligence is the factor which promotes knowledge management, creativity, innovativeness, performance and it helps organization in achieving its goal. Therefore, after understanding its impact on other related OB constructs, it was concluded that it deserves concerted attention. 1.4 Significance of the Research As already stated that there is a dire need of empirical investigations in the field of organizational intelligence because this is the factor which influences performance of the organization (Halal, 2000). This study tries to answer the question that if the lack of resources and the overload of information are the problems, is intelligence the solution to improve organizations? In the Knowledge Economy, the organization needs to develop and maintain supportive partnerships to deal with complex issues in uncertain environments, turning challenges into opportunities, anticipating and understanding emerging threats and recovering from unexpected shocks and cries. In other words, in times of crisis and high economic and social turbulence, organizations must show high levels of intelligence to meet the needs of the organizations. The ability to solve problems and make decisions, defined as ‘intelligence’, is the solution to improve organizations. This assumption is based on the conviction that the right answer to users’ need depends on managers’ ability to absorb what is happening in the environment and to correctly act on the generated knowledge. Rothberg and Erickson (2004) hold that intelligence, in all forms, comes from the strategic management of knowledge, understanding the environment within which knowledge is collected and used, and making the knowledge actionable, especially by strategic decision makers. Understanding of OI and its antecedents and consequences may immensely help the organizations and assist them in improving and achieving their objectives. Concept of OI has evolved and advanced a variety of practices and processes aimed at the creation and application of knowledge. However, scholars have been concerned by, and practitioners have struggled with, the lack of clear, comprehensive concepts that define the field of organizational intelligence (Staskeviciute, 2009). Ercetin (2009) holds that definitions of intelligence are in continuous revision. In particular, she finds that there is no unifying understanding of the concept of intelligence in management (Staskeviciute, 2009). Staskeviciute and Ciutiene (2008) conclude that in scientific literature it is possible to find different concepts of organizational intelligence, but they are all bounded by the same feature: the organization’s capability to adapt to environment and knowledge management, because organizational intelligence involves knowledge based on the organization’s capacity. Organizational intelligence refers to the process of turning data into knowledge and knowledge into action for organizational gain (Cronquist, 2011). On a practical level, the CETISME cooperative (Cooperate to Promote Economic and Technological Intelligence in SMEs) has stated that consistently getting the right information at the right moment can only be the result of a permanent intelligence process leading to policy established at the highest level of the organization (2002). Cruz and Dominguez (2007) point out that the processes of perception, knowledge creation and decision making are favored by the proper management of information resources. The goal of OI is to interpret and act on relevant facts and environmental signals from the learning arising from acquired competences (skills +knowledge + attitudes). In general, the perception, interpretation, analysis, integration and use of knowledge is related to OI. The central argument of this thesis is to identify the factors which lead to organizational intelligence and what are the resultant factors when organization is acting intelligently. In the moments of uncertainty, organizations must have high levels of intelligence to interpret, integrate, combine and filter the relevant knowledge. Intelligent systems depend on a structured network of â€Å"expert analyzers† who offer their technical skill, knowledge, and personal experiences. They engage with the systems by validating information, discovering relationships between pieces of information and conducting analyses. In short, OI systems provide the pathways for knowledge to become intelligent, that is, actionable (answer â€Å"so what† questions and stay future-focused). They can also direct actions to acquire additional knowledge necessary to â€Å"fill in the blanks†. Full knowledge, with appropriate analysis, provided to the key manager at the right time defines how intelligence can extend and protect the capabilities of organizational systems (Rothberg Erickson, 2004). Also, its significance increases when it is seen in the context of RD organization, as the people working there are intelligent and knowledge workers, therefore, the relevance of this concept is automatically enhanced in such scenario, which this study tries to look into. Organization of the Dissertation To describe organizational intelligence and identify its antecedents and consequences, this dissertation will follow the research procedure and structure as shown in Figure 1-1. It consists of six major parts: (i) introduction, (ii) literature review, (iii) development of theoretical framework and hypotheses, (iv) research methodology, (v) data analysis and research findings, (vi) discussion, and conclusion. The remainder of the dissertation is organized as follows. The following chapter surveys summarizes the related studies. It includes the relevant literature of organizational intelligence, empirical studies on organizational intelligence and its antecedents and consequences. In chapter 3, this dissertation proposes a conceptual research model, and explores the key variables and their relationships. In chapter 4, research methodologies are explained such as theoretical research approaches, design and administration of the survey. It also explains the sample and measures. Chapter 5 illustrates the analysis and summarizes analysis results. Chapter 6 extends with the explanation of the findings and tested model, it also discusses the contributions and limitations of the study and offer suggestions for future study. Table 1.1 Simplified Structure of the Thesis

The Character Odysseus in Homers Odyssey :: Odyssey essays

The Character Odysseus in Odyssey "Odyssey" is an epic story that has been a significant piece of literature since it was first composed and will remain so for ages to come. One of the reasons it has been so is because of the hero, Odysseus. Odysseus is one of the first Greek mythic heroes renowned for his brain as well as his muscle. Indeed he is a man with an inquiring mind, and he is also a man with outstanding prowess and bravery" (123helpme.com/assets/3603.html). "We also must not forget that he is a top-notch athlete which only adds more to this seemingly insuperable character. It is no wonder why many scholars refer to Odysseus as a powerful mythic hero. "Odysseus often hesitates before acting, because he uses his reason and gift to evaluate things. This patience is one of his most important additional attributes"(library.thinkquest.org/19300/data/Odyssey/odysseus.html). It saved him and his men many times. "When the poem opens, it is the tenth year since the fall of Troy, and Odysseus has not yet returned to his home in the island of Ithaca, but is detained in Ogygia, an island in the west, by the nymph Calypso" (bartleby.com/22/1001.html Homer (fl. 850 B.C.). The Odyssey. The Harvard Classics. 1909-14). "In disguise as an old friend of Odysseus', Athena travels to his manor in Ithaka, now overrun with noisy, lustful suitor's intent on marrying Odysseus' wife, Penelope. Odysseus' son, Telemakhos, unhappy among the suitors, greets Athena warmly as a stranger and invites her to their feast. As the suitors devour Odysseus' oxen, Telemakhos says he believes his father - whom he does not know at all - is dead."(gradesaver.com/ClassicNotes/Titles/odyssey/summ1.html). "He is so unsure of his own identity that he refuses to affirm without qualification his relationship to Odysseus. Athena introduces herself as Odysseus' old friend Mentes and predicts that he will be home soon. Telemakhos matures from a callow, helpless youth into a stronger, more confident man" (Approaches to Teaching Homer's Iliad and Odyssey ). "Just as Odysseus' story is about returning home to his old identity, Telemakhos' is about forging a new one; as A thena tells him, "You are a child no longer"."(gradesaver.com/ClassicNotes/Titles/odyssey/summ1.html). As Telemakhos' develops from youth to man inspired by Athena, especially her favorable comparisons between him and his father; he stands up against the suitors in his assembly. "Failing in an attempt to get the Ithacans to help him to assert his rights, Telemakhos sets out for Pylus under the guidance of the goddess Athena, who is disguised as Mentes, a friendly chief.

country status :: essays research papers

stThe Status of your Country as of 02/07/2002 Country Name   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  dsgsg (#6647)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Government   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tyranny Turns Left Turns Taken Turns Stored Rank NetWorth  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0 1202 0 10,524 $42,943  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Money Food Oil Population Land Per Capita Income  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  $898 1352 bushels 11,142 barrels 1586 287 Acres $5.71  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tax Rate Taxes Expenses Food Production Food Consumption  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  70% $6340 $2299 70 bushels 36 bushels Expense Breakdown   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Military Alliances Land  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  $884 $170 $1245 Land Distribution   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Military Forces   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Technology Ratings   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Enterprise Zones Residences Industrial Complexes Military Bases Research Labs Farms Oil Rigs Construction Sites Unused Lands   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  18 8 84 0 0 0 5 0 172   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Spies Troops Jets Turrets Tanks Nuclear Missiles Chemical Missiles Cruise Missiles   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  33 181 0 0 1683 0 0 0   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Military Medical Business Residential Agricultural Warfare Military Strategy Weapons Industrial Spy SDI   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0 1971 6 1320 36 7706 0 0 0 30 0 Plague spreads throughout your lands! Kuszcotopia (4166) Instumentality of Ma (12842) dsgsg (6647) bibibibibibibii (8546) Communist Russia (3733) Greetings. I am General Ruby, leader of the Emerald army. It seems our two nations are locked in battle, I have a proposal that may interest you. This war we are engaged in does seem like a pointless one. I believe that in the end, both countries will lose more than won but only one will survive and I sware by the sword of Amethyst, I shall be the victor. So my proposal is we call a truse immidiatly, if this happens, I shall call off my allies and you shall do the same, however you will pay me 10% of your net profit and my ally assissting in this battle shall recieve 5%. If you do not agree to these terms and are persistant in your attacks, then I shall call in more allies, who are greater in number and much more powerfull then I and you. I shall defeat you at all costs, I swear by the sword of Amethyst. Yours sincerely, General Ruby - Leader of the Emerald Army

Menard’s Yard

The assignment that I was given is about ethnographic observations. The topic that I chose was the Outside Yard team members at Innards. I work there In the receiving department. I am an â€Å"inside guy† so I barely go outside to help guests, but when I do, I see that the workers outside act much differently than anyone else in the store. I believe that the Merman's Outside Yard Receivers are strange and unusual because they act differently than everybody else in the store, wear different clothes, and feel like they have their own department but they are really part of Receiving.First of all, the Outside Yard Receivers wear deferent clothing. They can wear anything that Is from Innards. The Inside people can only wear a certain kind of clothing that they get for their departments. They are also the only ones who can wear hats. Innards does not allow anyone else to wear hats. Also, they do not do anything that the inside Receivers do. They actually have a lot harder job to do outside. I would not want to be outside. It is hot in summer and freezing in winter; inside there Is air conditioning so I like that, but they still like being outside.Most of he things they do is slide lumber, or cut It, or anything with lumber. It Is tiring to do this every day. I have slid lumber before. It is no fun, but when I ask them if they like it out there, they say they love it. I am still wondering and not understanding why they like it out there so much. A lot of them use pretty basic English. They swear all the time. All of them are not educated yet or they are in college like me. The ones who have finished school are usually the managers.Some older guys Just did not ever finish school so they are stuck there working their butts off for little pay, but for he younger people, It Is a really good Job and I would recommend It to anyone. There is just so much experience that someone can get and I know that if I ever went looking for another Job I would have a better chance than someone who was working in a fast food place or something. Next, I think they are crazy sometimes, pretty often actually. They really get into their Jobs.Like they try to do everything as fast as they can. That is good though, but sometimes It's just too much. They make a huge mess In the warehouse and It Is sometimes hard for guests to move around or get anything because everything Is In he way, but at the end of the day they always manage to make the warehouse look perfectly clean and organized and everyone is happy. There is this guy who comes few times a week; his name is Bob. He drives a truck. He picks stuff up from Innards and delivers Otto guests so he is like a delivery man.I am not sure if he Just works for this Innards or Just overall for all the Innards around the state or country, but every time he Is there, there are always these funny conversations that they have with the Outside Yard Receivers. Nick, one of the workers outside, is really loud when it comes to w orking with Bob. Nick: â€Å"Hey Bob, long time no see! † Bob: â€Å"Shut the hell up and help me get this table off the truck. † Nick: â€Å"I'm busy! Get someone else to help you. † Bob: â€Å"Busy my ass. Let's go! † Nick: ‘You're not my boss! This is really how every meeting with him is, usually a lot more swearing and yelling, but they Just Joke around. Everyone is really nice there. They Just swear, yell, and argue for fun really. I Just do not understand some workers. Like they are over their heads driving recklessly on the forklifts, throwing things. Some should have been fired a long time ago and I do not get why they are still there. They maybe do a good Job out there, but they are Just crazy and what are the guests going to think of them?It is actually somehow pretty hard to get fired there. In conclusion, I believe that the Merman's Outside Yard Receivers are strange and unusual because they act differently than everybody else in the sto re, wear different clothes, and feel like they have their own department but they are really part of Receiving. I think that they are good workers and will help guests in any way possible, so I recommend Innards as your choice of store for buying products for your projects that one could be working on.

History of education Essay

â€Å"Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world. † –Nelson Mandela The importance of learning is to enable the individual to put his potentials to optimal use. Education makes man a right thinker and a correct decision-maker. It achieves this by bringing him knowledge from the external world, teaching him to reason and acquainting him with past history, so that he can be a better judge of the present. With education, he finds himself in a room with all its windows open to the outside world. A well educated man is a more dependable worker, a better citizen, a centre of wholesome influence, pride to his community and honour to his country. A nation is great only in proportion of its advancement in education. Education is Self Empowerment. Receiving a good education makes a person strong enough to look after himself in any given situation. It keeps him aware of the given surrounding as well as the rules and regulations of the society. It’s only through knowledge that one can question authority for its negligence or discrepancies and only then that can a person avail his rights as a citizen and seek improvement in the structural functioning of governance and economy. As a whole, people can bring about development only when they know where improvement is necessary for the greater good of mankind. Education gives a better understanding to the person, it helps realize potential and qualities one possesses as a human being. It helps tap into latent talent, so that people can sharpen their skills. Education teaches what man lives and struggles for. It cultivates an integrated life. By so doing, it gives significance of life. It helps restores financial stability and dignity of life. It is the essential basis of a good life. Education enlightens and lifts a nation to heights of progress. The problem in India is that it has adopted democracy without preparing the ground for it by educating population. But its never too late to undertake mass programmes of Adult education or Social education. Adult education is the education of grown up men and women. In the complex modern times, people must be knowledgeable and be aware of what they are doing and what is being done to them. To create such sentience every responsible citizen should take up this social cause and educate the knowledge deprived people. Teaching a daily worker for just an hour daily can change their lives in propitious ways as it was rightly quoted by Neil Armstrong, ‘One small step is a giant leap for mankind’. In recent history our country has taken up good measures to ensure a high educated population by taking up several social causes and concentrating on the rural areas, since they comprise a majority but the system has been laid back due the restraints imposed by old cultural ethics. For the past few centuries in India, the girl has been completely neglected even as a human being, her sole purpose of life has been to feed the family and bear a child. Good education has been denied to women. It is argued that women have their domestic duties to perform and that, if they were educated, they would bury themselves in their books and have little time for attending to the management of their households. But what people fail to understand is education involves knowledge of the means by which health may be preserved and enable a mother to consult such modern books as will tell her how to rear up her children into healthy men and women and skilfully nurse them and her husband, when disease attacks her household. The purpose of education is not just earning a livelihood but education makes an individual into a good human being, which is passed on to the next the kith and kin. It is true that, the education of girls has lately taken a slight leap but this is only in a very small segment of Indian society. Unless the motion is fast and continuous, and includes more of poor urban and rural girls in the field of education, there can be no hope of having a developed and first world country status for India. â€Å"When a man is educated, only he is educated but, when a woman is educated, a family is educated. † – Indira Gandhi â€Å"Education is the great engine of personal development. It is through education that the daughter of a peasant can become a doctor, that the son of a mineworker can become the head of the mine, that a child of farworkers can become the president of a great nation. It is what we make out of what we have, not what we are given, that separates one person from another. † – Nelson Mandela.

Brand Extension Marketing Plan Essay

1.0 Executive Summary Wii is a for-profit organization already offering numerous video games targeted at many different segments of the market in different countries around the world. Wii is developing a new game, Wingo, with an extended service plan for any issues identified while playing the new game. Wingo is bingo for the Wii. Customers will be able to play four players at a time utilizing the two remotes included with the purchase of the Wii system and the two extra remotes that are included when the customer purchases the new game Wingo. The extended service plan will allow customers to first have their game repaired. If the issue is not resolved with repair, the customer will have their game replaced with a new game that has been reviewed and analyzed by tech support to ensure no issues arise. Wingo is targeting the market that consists of residents at assisted living and long-term care facilities, grandparents, and parents. Many individuals in these target markets love to play bingo making Wingo a perfect game for the targeted market. Wingo is a game for grandparents and parents to purchase to have fun with peers as well as their grandchildren and children. Another benefit of Wingo is the increased cognitive use, which is imperative for older adults to utilize as they age to maintain memory. Wingo will provide an easy to use format for those not familiar with playing video games, which is the majority of the target market. The easy to use format will allow players to begin playing without contacting their grandchildren for assistance. The game will also offer cognitive stimulation to assist in maintaining memory. Cognitive stimulation is crucial to all age groups to ensure healthy brain activity. Excellent customer service is required to obtain and retain a loyal customer base, which is also where the extended service plan comes into play because it provides customers with peace of mind knowing that their purchase will be repaired or replaced if any issues arise. Customer needs will be listened to and implemented into to the product to ensure our customers are receiving a product that focuses on customer needs/wants. On a national level, Wingo marketing will consist of flyers, posters, and commercials displaying the social interactions and fun to be had from playing the game. On a global level, the same advertising methods will be used. However, the advertising devices will display different languages, depending on the country where displayed, to communicate the benefits of the game. The global advertising will also take into consideration the different cultural aspects of the country to ensure no disrespect is shown and no offense is taken from the message being sent. 2.0 SITUATION ANALYSIS Wii is entering its fifth year of operation. Its products have been well received by consumers, and marketing Wingo and its extended service plan will be the main focus to the growth of brand and product as well as the sustainability and expansion of the customer base. Wii offers several different genres of games, serving the growing serious gaming industry. 2.1 Market Summary * The target market for Wingo is assisted living and long-term care facilities, grandparents, and parents. Wingo is bingo for the Wii and many individuals in these target markets love to play bingo. By focusing on these target groups, Wingo will be thought of as a game for grandparents and parents to purchase have fun with peers as well as their grandchildren and children. * Projections of growth for this product are that it will become popular within assisted living and long-term care facilities that word of mouth will assist in marketing the product to other groups. This will increase the profits for Wii, allowing the company to gain back its market shares that it lost recently plus more. 2.1.1 Market Demographics * Demographics – Ages 45-75 is the main target market. Most residents of long-term care facilities are between the ages 65-75. Those between ages 45-65 are grandparents purchasing the game in hopes of spending quality time with their grandchildren by playing the game. * Geographics – Wingo’s target area will be the major countries already marketing the Wii game system. These include Japan, Europe, and North America. * Users enjoy the connection made among them and other users while playing the game. Users enjoy spending time with their grandchildren during game time. * The target markets are classified as Thinkers and Survivors. The Thinkers are seeking a game that provides quality and serves a purpose. The Survivors are seeking a brand they can remain loyal to and suggest to their peers and families. 2.1.2 Market Needs * Ease of use – The customers can confuse easily and need a game easy to use without having to ask the younger generation for assistance to operate. * Cognitive stimulation – The customers need their brain stimulated to maintain memory. * Customer service – Excellent service is required to develop a maintainable business that possesses a loyal customer base. 2.1.3 Market Trends * Wingo will distinguish itself by marketing a product not previously available to gamers and other consumers. The market segment for this product is growing at a tremendous rate due to the baby boomer generation aging. Therefore, the marketing is aimed at this segment. * Wingo will also distinguish itself by offering the expanded service plan available with the purchase of only this game. Repair service of the game will allow the consumer to have peace of mind knowing that, should an issue arise, their game will either be fixed or replaced at no additional charge. Saving money in today’s economy is extremely important to all consumers. * Another growing trend for this market is serious gaming, where the players learn skills and competencies that can be then be used in â€Å"real† world situations. Specific goals are set within the game to be reached by the gamer; which fosters incentive to learn, offers instant feedback, encourages skills development, and assists with knowledge transfer. Grandparents and parents are always looking for ways their grandchildren and children can learn new skills utilizing a fun and entertaining venue. 2.1.4 Market Growth * With the Wii system sales declining 9.7% from July 1, 2011 through June 20, 2012, the market is diminishing. Wingo and its extended service plan will, with any luck, bring the sales up for the Wii systems. * The growth potential is there, with the baby boomer generation aging and needing to ensure that they live vibrant, active lives; even once they are physician recommended for assisted living and long-term care facilities. Assisted living and long-term care facilities are required by State and Federal regulations to ensure that all residents remain active; whether with board games, memory games, or exercise. * The diminishing market will need to have a powerful message sent. Iterating to younger generations that it’s not too late to have fun with grandma and grandpa; and to the older generations that it’s not too late for them to have fun. 2.2 SWOT 2.2.1 Strengths – Wii’s reputation among consumers. Wii’s pricing effectiveness of providing lower cost products compared to competitors. Wii’s service and product quality compared to competitors. 2.2.2 Weaknesses – Wii’s diminishing market share. Wii’s lack of effective innovation and the cause of its diminishing market share. Due to their decline in sales over the past year, Wii lacks available capital. 2.2.3 Opportunities – Wii provides similar products compared to competitors at a lower cost. Wii customized the extended service plan for the Wingo game. Wii introduced a new game to a new market. 2.2.4 Threats – Economic depression causes businesses and consumers to cut back on entertainment expenses. Competitor develops a similar game with improved technologic advances. Legislation to reduce number of items appropriate for assisted living and long-term care residents’ activities. 2.3 Competition * There are two main competitors of Wii products. Both are gaining market shares by introducing new technological accessories, including allowing the player to be the remote and better graphics. * Customers will prefer the Wii’s product because of the lower costs of similar products and the extended service plan included with Wingo. * Wingo will be offered to select assisted living and long-term care facilities at an even lower price than retail price for a limited time to help get the word out. * Xbox 360 offers the Kinect that allows players to be the remote. Kinect is offered at a price of $109.95. The Kinect is offered around the world at Walmart, K-Mart, Target, Shopko, RadioShack, and GameStop to name a few. The Xbox Kinect is advertised to people of all ages looking for fun and exciting ways to exercise. 2.4 Product Offering * Wingo will provide consumers with a fun and exciting way to spend time with family while building cognitive skills and abilities that can be utilized in everyday life. Wingo’s extended service plan provides peace of mind to the consumer knowing that their investment is protected. * Wingo is the name chosen for the new game because it is short and catchy. Essentially, the ‘b’ in bingo is replaced with the ‘w’ from Wii. Wingo will be positioned as an affordable entertainment and enhances cognitive skills for all ages. 2.5 Keys to Success The keys to success are designing and producing a product that meets market demand. In addition, absolute customer satisfaction is a must that Wii needs to ensure. Profitability and sustainability will be inevitable if these keys to success are met. 2.6 Critical Issues * Establish Wingo as the game of choice for assisted living and long-term care residents. * Aim for controlled growth that commands that expenses for payroll will never surpass the revenue. This will assist shielding against recessions. * Wingo is in the introduction phase of its life-cycle because it has just been introduced to the market. 3.0 MARKETING STRATEGY The key to the marketing strategy is focusing on the markets residing in assisted living and long-term care facilities. Wii can cover approximately 50% of this market because it produces other products geared toward the families and friends of each segment. 3.1 Mission * Nintendo, producer of Wii and all its games, holds a strong commitment to constructing and marketing the greatest products and services for support. It is vital not only to offer products of the utmost quality, but to give every customer our attention, and show them consideration and respect during each encounter. * The value proposition is constantly improving products and services by listening closely to our customers’ wants and needs. 3.2 Marketing Objectives * Identify the benefits to the target market from using the product and listen to their wants and needs for any improvements. * Obtain and continue a strong, positive growth each quarter * Accomplish a continual rise in market penetration * Market to successful assisted living and long-term care facilities looking to offer a different and exciting activity to their residents * Emails, mail, and phone calls to assisted living and long-term care facilities explaining the benefits of using our product * Achieve a market share of at least 25% 3.3 Financial Objectives: Skip this section for now. You will do this later. 3.4 Target Markets * The specific target markets for Wingo are assisted living and long-term care facilities’ residents. The niche market will be the residents of these facilities that need increased cognitive therapy. Another niche market for Wingo will be those residents that are unable to pay outright for the product by offering a payment plan to those residents. * The assisted living and long-term care facilities are the optimal target markets because the majority of their residents are in need of cognitive therapy. The facility could purchase the product for all residents to use during a scheduled gathering for residents. 3.5 Positioning * The needs of Wingo’s target market include improved cognition, more social interaction, more exercise, and more fun. Wingo will help to improve upon all of these needs. There is increasing evidence that suggests video games are beneficial. In September 2009 a study was published suggestive of increased brain efficiency from playing certain video games. According to Mary Ann Liebert, Inc./Genetic Engineering News, recent research proves that video games provide vital benefits for olders adults by offering cognitive stimulation and a basis for social interaction, exercise, and fun. * The key difference of Wingo from competitors’ video games is that Wingo is the only video game that is based off of the most popular game played by older adults in assisted living and long-term care facilities, bingo. The most distinguishing feature of Wingo is the game’s ability to allow up to eight players to play at one time or to allow four players to play up to two Wingo cards e ach at the same time.

Six Little Things That Mae a Big Difference

If someone were to ask you†¦Ã¢â‚¬ what things in life really make a big difference in people’s lives?†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦What would you say? I bet some people will say, well, for one, money makes a big difference. Others may say, well, family makes a big difference. And, still others may say that education makes a big difference. I guess there would be as many different responses as the number of persons asked. So, that if I would ask 1000 persons I may get 1000 different things that would make a big difference in people’s lives. I spent some time milling this question over in my own mind, and after eliminating some of the same responses you and many other people would make, like money, education, family, etc., I came up with the following 6 things that make a big difference. Before I give you my list, let me hurry to say that money is not on my list. Money is not one of those things that make a big difference simply because money has a subtle way of ruining things for so many people. More people have gotten a lot of money only to, after a short while, become so attached to their money that other people become obsolete and unimportant to them. Education likewise has caused some people to behave like bigots and egocentric, know-it-all people who rather than encourage people push people away. So, education is not on my list. Nor is family on my list, because family, while crucially important to us, is that default thing that everyone has and needs†¦family is always there making a difference in our lives! It is those little things that make such a big difference. And everyday we have numerous opportunities to practice those little things with enough power to influence people’s lives. When these little things are practiced they produce marvelous results for you! Well, here’s my list of the things that make a big difference in your life: 1. Say â€Å"Masha Danki,† †¦Ã¢â‚¬ Thank You!† Would you believe it, such a small thing, yet when used has a powerful and profound effect on everyone around you! Gratitude is a powerful force that can transform the one who says it; and it transforms the one who receives it. Gratitude from the heart, expressed humbly, heals as it praises. Next time your garbage collector from Serlimar comes by to pick up your garbage, look him in the eye and say â€Å"Thank you for taking my garbage away,† and watch what happens! I guarantee that your garbage collection service from then on will suddenly become the best on your entire street! We need to stop taking things for granted and start being grateful and audibly express gratitude everyday. It is one of those little things that have long lasting positive repercussions! An attitude of gratitude and of saying â€Å"Thanks† can change your life for the better for ever and it can change the lives of those to whom yo u express it. 2. Be Kind and show Kindness: Listen to that elderly lady tell her long story as you attempt to hurry out the store with your groceries. It may mean being a bit late for your next stop, but your kindness in just listening to that senior citizen will give you a greater sense of community, compassion and appreciation for others; and it will significantly calm YOU down when you're feeling stressed and hurried. Somebody said†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Kindness expands, and it fills the space with goodwill and cooperation.† So, the second little thing that makes a huge difference is being kind, that’s a condition of the mind. And showing kindness is a condition of the mind put into actual practice! 3. Listen Attentively: God blessed us with two ears and one mouth, and we ought to use them in that proportion. Listening makes you appear more charming, too, so there's a bonus. We have two ears with which to listen. Two, and not one, because we are expected to listen well. One mouth, because we ought to speak less. When you listen attentively you’ll be amazed how well you connect with the other person. The other person will enjoy your presence and feel elated with your attention. There is magic in good listening, the magic of understanding, of connectivity, of rapport and good will.

Which Is Better: A Dual Degree or a Double Major?

Choosing a career path is one of the biggest decisions you will make in your college journey. While a majority of students have a tough enough time choosing just one major, there are an increasing number of students who are deciding to pursue dual degrees and double majors. For these students, this choice must be weighed carefully. Is it better to work towards a dual degree or should you double major instead? This post will answer questions most commonly asked about the differences between a dual degree and double major, discuss the pros and cons of both, and provide insight on what is the best option for you as you embark on your college journey and ultimately your career path. When you receive a dual degree, you essentially receive two degrees. These could be either two bachelor’s degrees, such as a bachelor of science and a bachelor of arts, or a bachelor’s degree and an advanced degree, such as a B.A. and an M.A., simultaneously. Often, candidates receive the dual degree in less than the amount of time it would generally take to receive two degrees consecutively and independently, although that’s not always the case. Some schools offer joint degree programs that enable students to receive a dual degree upon completion. One example of of a dual degree program in which students receive two bachelor’s degrees is the University of Pennsylvania ’s Huntsman Program in International Studies & Business, in which participants earn a B.A. in International Studies from the School of Arts and Sciences and a B.S. in Economics from the Wharton School. Some schools offer joint degrees with art schools or conservatories. For instance, Columbia and Juilliard offer a program in which students receive a bachelor of music in addition to a B.A. or BS.

Lesson Plan for Language Arts on The Great Gatsby for grade 9th Coursework

Lesson Plan for Language Arts on The Great Gatsby for grade 9th - Coursework Example language structure, language conventions (e.g., spelling and punctuation), media techniques, figurative language, and genre to create, critique, and discuss print and non print texts. Students conduct research on issues and interests by generating ideas and questions, and by posing problems. They gather, evaluate, and synthesize data from a variety of sources (e.g., print and nonprint texts, artifacts, people) to communicate their discoveries in ways that suit their purpose and audience. The literature selection should be independent per group but each group member should research on an area in the group’s selected topic. Each group should coordinate with each other to come up with an appropriate topic and determine on the areas to be researched by each student. Students are free to use online resources like journals, eBooks and online articles to research on the decided topic. The institution library can also be used as a source of information for student research. Students should also know the symbols used in the text such as the characters embedded in the novel. The time when the novel was set as well as the meaning of the great Gatsby should also be comprehended. Students are supposed to do a thorough research on the chosen topic with different areas of research to come up with a clear and a complete perspective of an issue. Use all appropriate resources to do the research such as the academic journals on the internet or library materials. After performing individual research on the topic, the students should then discuss the subject from a general point of view in which all students compare and contrast their work. All the research outcomes should address an issue in

Argumentation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Argumentation - Essay Example Critical analysis of these phenomena allows seeing some common prejudices. Men have the necessity to remain behind the mask of masculinity showing no emotions and being aggressive. Women have second roles and are supposed to be treated accordingly and that is why women have no power. These distorted narrative about man and women create many problems for both sexes as it turns out. And the essay is aimed to show which exact problems appear because of this. Boys are taught from the little age to be real men. However, what exactly being a real man means is usually learnt from media. And children unable to understand what is literal and what is not take everything for granted. For instance, Pixar was shooting cartoons with the leading characters being male only. Lonely male creatures in the company of male characters went off on some quest or fought villains in all the Pixar cartoons. Women played secondary roles or sometimes even become final achievements of the heroes. And boys along with girls learn that women cannot be leaders and cannot dream to be presidents. However, since when leadership skills are about power and not about the ability to think analytically and to find resolutions of the problems? And women are equally good in these tasks. Moreover, boys are taught to avoid emotions as emotions are perceived as female feature. However, avoiding real feelings leads to their suppression and to ruining any boy`s personality. The video â€Å"The mask you live in† shows that the results of such changes in psyche are pitiful. Boys are often diagnosed with behavioral disorders and receive medications as treatment, abuse alcohol and drugs and even commit suicides. They are also are more likely to become criminals since they always need to show their masculinity and aggression. The situation with girls is even more critical. Despite feministic movement girls have to fit the stereotypes of womanliness: be gentle and speechless.

Israeli Economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Israeli Economy - Essay Example This study will focus on the ethnic considerations in regards to the economy of the Israeli state as well as the Jewish state/Israeli nation discourse that accompanies it. The role of religion in economy will also be discussed. The approach of this study will be through first providing a brief background on the historical ethnic composition in regards to Ashkenazi and Sephardis and then detailing the historical and contemporary perspectives of the issues in question before concluding with a look at how Post-Zionism may respond to the issues addressed in the essay. Ethnic Background on Israel (Ashkenazi/Sephardi) Tsur (231) discusses the distribution of Jews in the pre-Zionist era, stating that Jews could be viewed geographically as European (residing in Europe) or Afro-Asian (residing in North Africa and Asia especially in the Middle East). With this categories established, it is then observed that the Zionist migration into Palestine at the time of establishment of the Israeli state (1948) was heavily inclined towards European Jewry with majority of the immigrants streaming in from Eastern Europe in comparison to those from North Africa and the Middle East. This pre-Zionist categorization spawned the major ethnic classification Ashkenazi and Sephardi that have later characterized the socio-economic and political landscape of Israel. Although it is difficult to define Jewry, the Ashkenazi Jews are the ones who originated from European nations. Originally, Ashkenazi referred to Jews from Germany who had settled in Eastern Europe and spoke Yiddish. Sephardi, on the other hand, referred to Jews from the Iberian Peninsula who had also settled in the Ottoman Empire. The two nuclei origins of Jews later incorporated other Jews, with those from Eastern Europe and later from America ascribing with Ashkenazi while those from Islamic North African and Middle East countries identified with the Sephardi (Tsur, 232; Dowty 1-3). Hence, the Zionist migration largely featured Ashkenazi Jews, with the changes all aspects of the Israeli society following showing elements of the two ethnic inclinations as is the subject of the rest of this discussion. Historical Perspectives on Ethnic Economic Considerations Kaplan notes that the immigrants from Asia and Africa (the Sephardi), generally began their lives in the new state at significant socio-economic disadvantage as compared to the dominant Ashkenazi population. While the most of the Ashkenazi seized the numerous opportunities in the working and middle class levels due to possession of marketable skills, advancement in education and considerable favour from the authorities, the Sephardi had to make do with low income jobs and settled in marginal neighbourhoods and settlements that were largely economically non-stimulating. Kaplan also indicates that economic inequality was further compounded in the entire first generation of Ashkenazi and Sephardi born in the state of Israel as the Sephardi traditionally ha d larger families which strained the already limited resources available. The manifestation of this ethnic disparity in historical economic terms can be seen in the statistics available on incomes, distribution of occupation and education before 1975. By 1956-1957, the Sephardi averagely earned 73% of what the Ashkenazi earned increasing to 82% by 1975. When the large Sephardi families are taken