Who killed the princes in the tower

Edward V and his younger brother Richard, were sent to the Tower by Richard Ill(also their uncle). the boys were declared illegitimate and the Duke was crowned King Richard Ill. Then the Princes vanished†¦ Richard Ill has usually been considered the most likely culprit. By declaring the princes illegitimate, he cleared his way to the throne. He would secure his position by having them murdered. In 1485, Richard Ill was killed in the Battle of Bosworth.The defeater, Henry Tudor, was crowned King Henry VI'. It was in the Tudors' interest to paint Richard as a villain. Henry VII is also a suspect. He married the princes' sister, Elizabeth of York, strengthening his claim to the throne. This could have been jeopardised if the boys had survived. It does seem unlikely that they survived beyond the end of Richard's reign without being seen. There are also other suspects including the Duke of Buckingham, once Richard's closest ally, whom he later had beheaded.Thomas More, writing over 3 0 years later, stated that the princes were mothered on their uncle's orders, secretly buried ‘at the stair foot', and then reburied elsewhere in the Tower. Two skeletons, identified as those of the princes, were discovered when a building in front of the White Tower was demolished in 1674. The skeletons were examined in 1933 and pronounced as belonging to two boys, aged about ten and twelve. Were these the two boys? I think that king Richard Ill killed the two boys, but then again How could a man who seems to be so fiercely loyal to his brother, kill his brother's children after his death?Despite having eliminated the two princes from being in line for the throne, his claim to the throne was still insecure and the Princes could be a threat all the time they were alive. Richards enemies would seize on them as a leader without real power and Richard couldn't afford that. Despite the rumours and accusations of murder, Richard never attempted to prove them alive by having them se en in public nor did he open any investigation into an investigation into the matter. This to me seems very suspicious and therefore that is why I am convinced Richard Ill killed the princes in the tower.

English Spoken Language Essay

In television and radio the interview techniques are very different. Graham Norton does both, in both situations we do see Norton adapting himself. He interviews Jedward in the television interview and Benedict Cumberbatch in the radio interview. They are many differences the obvious one is that one is in a television studio and the other in a radio set; another difference is the audiences that would watch them. The television situation is broadcasted on a Friday night at 10.30pm so the audience would be teenagers and young adults, which is a contrast to the audience that would listen to the radio interview, (which is broadcasted on Saturday morning around 10am) who would be middle aged and certainly older than the people watching the Jedward interview. Also as well as the audience watching on television in the Jedward interview, there is also a live audience in the studio which would give Norton a direct response and gives him people to address. In the radio interview Norton doesn’t have a live audience so he doesn’t get a direct response so that’s why I think he’s calmer and more relaxed. In both interviews I think that Norton doesn’t allow time for the interviewees to talk and this may come across that he’s rushing and is not thinking. In the television situation Norton interrupts Jedward so that the audiences laugh which I guess is what he is meant to do but after a while Jedward give up and just let him interrupt him. An example of when he interrupts in the radio interview when: ‘Cumberbatch: Danny was very†¦.’ ‘Norton: is this Danny Boyle?’ Also Norton continues that part of the interview to talk about himself, which I don’t think is keeping a very good rapport with Cumberbacth. After a while Cumberbatch in my opinion gives up and starts to ask Norton questions about his career; ‘Why did you give up?’ this is another example of Norton not really keeping a rapport with the interviewee. The television interview with Jedward in my opinion is much less formal and Norton behaves in a more spontaneous and lively way where as in the radio interview it’s formal and much more serious. I think that Norton in away talks down to Jeward and makes fun of them and has a patronising attitude towards them. In the radio interview Norton has much more respect for Cumberbatch and talk to him on a more level basis. The way Norton began his interview with Jedward ‘Now, anyway’ this I would say is less formal than the way Norton began his interview with Cumberbatch. In a way this is effective as this makes the interviewee feel more relaxed, this also shows how Norton is adapting himself in both situations. In the interviews I think that Norton adapts himself, in terms of his tone and pitch of his voice. In the Jedward interview his tone, is relaxed, funny and his pitch is much higher than in the Cumberbatch interview. I personally think that Norton has to change himself to fit in with Cumberbatch, as his voice is much more formal. When addressing the audience in the Jedward interview, Norton’s pitch of voice changes depending on whether he is asking a question or stating something, this shows that Norton keeps a rapport with the audience and the interviewee. An example of this is when Norton says ‘it’s not often that gets a laugh’ this is aimed at the audience and is in away make fun of Jedward. In the television interview we see that Norton has cards but at some point he puts them down, this makes us think that he is making some of it up and makes he seem more spontaneous. Obviously we can’t see what is going on in the radio interview but, I think that Norton’s speech is more fluent compared to the television interview. I think that Norton doesn’t really follow the cards in the television interview as he keeps interrupting Jedward which I assume is not on the cards. I do think that both interviews are set out correctly and follow a logical sequence of points. I also think that in the radio interview Norton speaks more articulately than in the television interview where he seems to talk in a more rushed lively way. Norton’s sentences in the radio interview are more coherent and there are fewer hesitations than in the television interview, but a reason for this could be that there can’t really be any silences in a radio interview. The layout of the two interviews are virtual the same, Norton introduces them, he asks the a few questions, Norton comments and they end the interview. I do think that Norton is too focused on getting laughs from the audience that it brings the attention away from the interviewee, which is a bad technique from Norton. Unlike the television interview Norton doesn’t have a live audience so his much more focused on the interview and sustains a better rapport with Cumberbatch than with Jedward. With both audiences to build a rapport with the audience, Norton makes jokes and he’s very sarcastic especially towards Jedward, ‘Can you go to a cashpoint and get money out?’ this is making a joke and when he says this he looks to the audience to get a laugh. Also we see that in the television interview that Norton in a way is encouraged by the audience to keep making funny comments so that the audience is more concentrated on him rather than the interviewee, this is a bad technique from Norton has its more feeding his ego and sustain a better rapport with the audience rather than the interviewee. Obviously we can’t see Norton’s body language in the radio interview but in the television one we see that his body language does co-ordinate with the situation he is in. After Norton says ‘it’s not often that gets a big cheer’ the audience immediately laugh which in a way jeers Norton on and so he continues to look at the audience instead of Jedward. I think at some points Norton looks too much at the camera and audience and this slightly decreases the rapport with Jedward, but on the other hand he’s sustains a rapport with the audience. He uses hand gestures which exaggerates what he is saying, but I think personally he’s posture is too laid back and gives an informal look. In both interviews there would be two different audiences so the reaction and how Norton tries to sustain a rapport with them would be different. In the radio interview, Norton interacts with the audience with the tone and pitch of his voice, whereas in the television interview Norton uses gestures and looks straight at the audience to get an immediate reaction. Also his volume of his voice is more prominent, in the radio interview so the audience has a connection with Norton. In the radio interview Norton’s language is more formal whereas in the television one it’s much more relaxed and Standard English so this shows that Norton does adapt himself to both situations, which is a good technique made by Norton. So, overall I think that Norton is good at adapting himself to both interviews; I do think that in the radio interview that Norton is better suited to the television interview when it’s a bit more relaxed and informal, because this suits Norton’s personality better. Norton does have a few bad techniques which include interrupting and looking at the audience too much, but he has many good techniques. Although in both interviews he uses good techniques which sustain a rapport with both the audience and the interviewees.

Arab Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Arab Culture - Essay Example This essay tends to probe into how the status of women is determined in Arab culture. It is frequently argued that religion in Arabia treated women as inferior to men. The proponents of this view point out that women were denied leadership roles, and they were told to be submissive in every sphere of social life. The extremist religious doctrines and ideologies were implemented to control them in society as well as in their families. The religion from the ancient period onwards prevents women from entering the main place of worship where men folks are free to enter and worship. For instance, as Baden points out, the Shariah law of Islam, through personal status laws, continues to govern the area relating to marriage and family life in most Muslim countries. As the holy Quran has given different social roles to men and women, women’s role is restricted to the household affairs alone. Theoretically, women are allowed to engage themselves in other activities only if it does not conflict with their family obligations (3-10). But this cannot be taken for face value as women today are as competent as men in all aspects even as bread winners. However, the conservative Muslim laws and the provisions of the holy Quran are expected to be observed by normal Muslims. So, a sudden change cannot be expected. Traditionally the Arab Muslim women are married at their younger age to a man of their father’s choice. In most cases the grooms are older than the father of the bride. Here, the girl has no voice to resist the decision of her father. In countries like Kuwait, even today, women do not have the right for adult franchise. In some other countries including Saudi Arabia, Jordan and Egypt, there prevails a law that states the inheritance of women must be less than that of men. The law in Morocco excuses the murderer or injury to a wife who is caught in the act of

Econ 417 Assignment 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Econ 417 Assignment 3 - Essay Example The technological advancements are increasing day by day and the technology is becoming more and more efficient. This not only increases the efficiency of these machines but the costs of installation have also been reduced. The writer gives examples of advancements in internet, agricultural and health sectors. Later it is explained that the growth in technology is actually extremely good for economic growth. The new technology which comes in actually makes the older one obsolete and out of date. As a result, this ends up being a drawback, as new technology ends up replacing old technology. An excellent example of the history of light is mentioned here. From the campfire discovered thousands of years ago passing through candles and bulbs, today’s fluorescent lights are 143,000 times brighter than the campfires (Easterly 175). These dramatic advancements in technology have been visible over centuries and this has increased efficiency manifold. With the presence of technology the people should also have the incentive to use it. Technology without incentive may be useless and this has been seen on multiple occasions in history. The romans had the resources and the technology but they did not progress. Similarly the Chinese were the first to have access to a variety of technologies before the Europeans could even have imagined. However, they lacked an incentive for its usage and as a result the technologies remained stagnant for a long period of time before they were taken over by others. Another feature which is important along with technology is education. It has been witnessed that the productivity of workers in developed economies may be similar but their income levels may be different. A very significant reason behind this is that the different educational levels cause different levels of usage of the technology. The important factor for technological progress and for economic growth is the incentive to use these for the betterment. For the poorer countr ies the absence of technology can be both an advantage and a disadvantage. The disadvantage can be in a sense that the absence of experience of technology can result in a reversal of effect. This is because the workers will be semi-skilled or unskilled as far as the expertise is concerned. This is because they will be inexperienced in the handling of technology. They will not be able to handle the machinery and the return over the technology will be much lower than to the skilled workers of the developed nations. The advantage will be extremely essential for the developing or under-developed countries because the installation of the technology and its implementation will be extremely cost effective. The will directly have to install the technology and it will be much easier instead of upgrading the old technology or replacing it. Chapter 10 Summary This chapter begins with the examples of the incidents in the lives of three women. These women represent the poverty stricken people fr om the poorer nations of Zambia, India and Vietnam. The three families face similar situations where the death of a working person results in the isolation of the family where they are now dependent on others for survival. They are thrown into the poverty trap by the human disasters which cannot be controlled. The poor households find themselves very vulnerable to shocks such as human disasters. Such households do not have any collateral and in situations of shock they are

Hormonal Therapy after Menopause Medications Research Paper

Hormonal Therapy after Menopause Medications - Research Paper Example Synthetic estrogen and progesterone (or sometimes just the estrogen) are administered in small doses in order to relieve or alleviate symptoms, especially hot flushes (Pathy et al., 2012). However, sufficient medical history is needed before administering HT to menopausal women. A complete physical exam, pap smear, mammography, examination of hormonal levels, cholesterol levels, vitamin D levels and bone density scans, as well as the presence or absence of sexually-transmitted diseases are measured before giving it out to those who suffer from menopausal symptoms (Hawkins, Roberto-Nichols, & Stanley-Haney, 2012). Symptoms of menopause include loss of elasticity of the vagina and the decrease in blood circulation as well as fatty tissue which results in dryness and itchiness, pain around the urethra, hot flushes and night sweats, as well as decrease in bone density that leads to osteoporosis for some women (Hawkins et al., 2012). Other observed symptoms include dementia and cognitive impairment among older women, as well as cardiovascular diseases due to the loss of elasticity of the blood vessels due to the decrease in the release of estrogen and progesterone in the bloodstream (Pathy et al., 2012). Another likely symptom of menopause is depression, which is also due to the low estrogen levels that circulate in the blood. Alongside HT, anti-depressant drugs are also administered routinely to women by physicians not only to women who naturally entered menopause but also to women who had a hysterectomy, or â€Å"surgical menopause† (Stoppard, 2000). For this report, a study by Zanardi, Rossini, Magri, Malaguti, Colombo and Smeraldi in 2006 about assessing the response to anti-depressants of post-menopausal women undergoing HT as well as those who are not, as well as the possible effects and influence of these anti-depressants to the hormonal levels of these women. Background of the Study The study by Zanardi et al. (2006) aims to evaluate the response of p ost-menopausal women to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI’s) and documenting the interactions of SSRI’s with sexual hormones in women undergoing and not undergoing HT. Due to few documentations of post-menopausal women under risk of undergoing depressive episodes, the scant amount of studies concerning the influence of HT in reaction to anti-depressants which end up in ambiguous and bias results, few or incomplete basal assessment of hormonal levels before HT, as well as a lack of studies with a considerable sample size, this study was conceptualized in order to find out if the use of HT would be able to improve the effects of SSRI’s in post-menopausal women. Also, proving the synergistic action between anti-depressants and hormonal therapy could give hope for women who suffer menopause and depression, as well as their healthcare providers in managing their symptoms. This study is also significant especially to people who specialize in geriatrics, in order for them to be able to assess as well as address the needs of their female patients undergoing menopause, depression or both. Methods of the Study Roughly 200 patients of the Research Center for Mood Disorders in San Raffaele Hospital, Milan were chosen for this study. Women above 40 years of age, has amenorrhea for least 12 months and were suffering from a major depressive episode were chosen for this study. Those who were excluded were women who had a history of drug or alcohol abuse, anorexia, other

Any artist from United Arab Emirats Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Any artist from United Arab Emirats - Essay Example Hussain El Jassmi’s music career began early in his childhood having had the chance to perform UAE television when he was just seven years old. His music style and voice, which was full of warmth compassion, and tenderness, even at such an age, drew attracted attention from everyone who has a chance to listen to him. The pure inborn talent that attracted one of the biggest production companies, the Rotana Cooperation, to sign him culminating in his first album in 2002 which consisted of singles like Al Kibr Lil, Azibtny, Bawadak, El Tarf, Kan Zial, Min Gabrkm, Qasd, Safr and Ya Elmhbin. Hussein Al Jassmi and the Rotana Cooperation has since 2013, terminated their contract after the production company and the singer had a disagreement over a number of singles that the singer sold to some radio stations without consent from the production company. Hussain El Jassmi’s love for music does not end with music production; he has also taken part in production of soundtracks for TV series in addition to performing in a number of festivals such as Dubai Festival, Salalah Festival in Oman, and Hala Febrayer Festival in Kuwait. Lovers of his music are attracted to his songs due to Hussain El Jassmi’s choice of words, music rhythm, and the general composition of his songs that introduced him as unique and new in the Middle East world of singing and art. When the popular TV series, X-factor came to the Arab world Hussain Al Jassmi was selected as one of the judges in the show. As one of the most popular musicians from the United Arab Emirates, Hussain Al Jassmi rose to fame in the local and regional music industry after the release of his first single Bawada'ak, which became an instant hit, played in radio and television. After the success of Bawada'ak, Hussain Al Jassmi went on to release a new single called Wallah Mayiswa, which further propelled him into the Middle East music charts as one of the most talented artists in addition to selling thousands of copies of the song. Hussain Al Jassmi’s rise in the Middle East music industry was capped with a best Arabic male singer award during the 2008 Murex d'Or award ceremony. After the first album, Husain Al Jassmi released another album in 2004 that included songs such as, Aaly Al Mostawa, Al Ray Wa Al Theeb, Al Shaky, Baasy, Bekaitek, and Betshabeh Aalayya. His 2006 album included songs like Akkidili, Al Habeeb, Al Khiyana, Balligh Habeebak, Saber, Wesk Hal, and Ya Khafeef Al Roh. These songs plus other singles has continued to be popular in the Middle East as seen from the millions of copies that the singer has sold. Since the release of his first album Qasid in 2002, Hussain Al Jassmi has taken part in other major events both in the Middle East and throughout the world. Al Jassmi has engaged in charity work especially as the IIMSAM`s Goodwill Ambassador for third world countries to tackle malnutrition in developing countries. In his work as the goodwill ambassador for IIMSA M, Al Jassmi joined a number of other high-profile individuals who have been recognized for their contributions toward the needy in the international community including US President Barrack Obama, Bollywood actor Sanjay Dutt and Argentinean soccer legend Diego Maradona. On May 2012, took part in an advocacy campaign for the needy in the North African Region and GCC on behalf of IIMSAM. All the proceeds generated from his concerts

Fair and Equitable Treatment on Foreign Investment and its Effects Essay

Fair and Equitable Treatment on Foreign Investment and its Effects - Essay Example tle to the School of Law at Oxford Brookes University in 13th of February 2012, there are two significant issues that have been discussed by a plethora of scholars. The first issue is on the field of the concept of the FET standard. Some scholars discussed the difference between â€Å"fairness† and â€Å"equity†. In other words, whether the FET standards contains two standards, namely â€Å"fair† and â€Å"equitable† with independent meaning for each one or the FET standard appears as an unified standard. Scholars examined this question, due to the fact that arbitrators always make their decision on international investment dispute according to their notions of â€Å"fairness† and â€Å"equity†.4 As a result, the first argument of the dissertation is to analyse the meaning of the FET standard in order to know whether it contains two standard or not. The second issue is on the field of the interpreting the FET standard. Several scholars critic ized the heterogeneity of the FET standard language in investment treaties and illustrated how that could affect on the extent of the standard.5 In other words, they argued that whether the FET standards reflect the international minimum standards of treatment? Such as national treatment and most favoured nation treatment, or it works as an autonomous standard or independence from other standards. Scholars observed this issue because some treaties state the FET standards as equivalent to the international minimum standard required by customary international law. Therefore, the second argument on the dissertation is whether the FET standard is measured the international minimum standard required by customary international law or it is an absolute or an autonomous standard. A Literature Review In order to gather relevant information to the... The researcher started searching for information by using secondary sources first, such as books and journal articles on order to gather relevant information to the FET standard. Dolzer and Schreuer book is the first source that he has read. The authors discuss in their book the meaning of the FET according to tribunals practise in a number of cases. For instance, in the TECMED v Mexico case the tribunal presented the most comprehensive definition of the FET when it said that: The foreign investor expects the host State to act in a consistent manner, free from ambiguity and totally transparently in its relations with the foreign investor†¦ The foreign investor also expects the host State to act consistently, i.e. without arbitrarily revoking any preexisting decisions or permits issued by the State that were relied upon by the investor to assume its commitments as well as to plan and launch its commercial and business activities. The investor also expects the State to use the leg al instruments that govern the actions of the investor or the investment in conformity with the function usually assigned to such instruments, and not to deprive the investor of its investment without the required compensation. Therefore, the authors conclude that there is no a specific meaning of the FET standard owing to the fact that the concept of the standard in investment treaty is a broad and depend on different circumstances. Moreover, they analyse the history of the FET standard by illustrating multilateral investment treaties and bilateral investment treaties that contain the standard.

Performance-Based, Portfolio, Nonverbal Assessment Strategies Essay

Performance-Based, Portfolio, Nonverbal Assessment Strategies - Essay Example By utilizing informal assessments, educators can target learners’ precise problem areas, adjust instruction, and intercede earlier before it is too late. Constant assessments are mainly significant for English language learners (ELLs). Regular tests in English do not normally echo ELLs' true content abilities or knowledge. However, informal assessments can offer a better-rounded image of their abilities, skills and ongoing progress. The No Child Left Behind act agitates that thorough records should be maintained on the growth of ELLs (Colorado, 2007). Storing these records will make it much easier when questions of grading, program placement and special services arise. There are two normally used informal techniques: portfolio assessment and performance-based assessment. Both techniques make use of typical classroom events to measure growth towards curricular objectives and goals. These actions can be witnessed and recorded by educator observation, as well as student self-asse ssment. This paper will explain at least three informal language proficiency instruments an educator can use in his/her classroom to determine Maria’s level of comprehension.d in classroom instructions, as well as everyday tasks (Tannenbaum, 2009). An educator can utilize performance-based assessments to evaluate ELLs' language proficiency, as well as academic success, through presentations, oral reports, written assignments, demonstrations, as well as portfolios. These assessments can comprise of both products (e.g., group projects) and processes (e.g., numerous drafts of a writing sample). An educator can use observation checklists and scoring rubrics to assess and grade his/her students. These tools can help in aiding ELLs' growth over a short period of time (Colorado, 2007). When using performance-based assessments, it is vital to set up clear and fair criteria from the start. It may be useful to develop these criteria together with other specialists or teachers at the sc hool (Colorado, 2007). Performance-based assessments encourage a broad range of responses. They normally do not generate one single, accurate answer. Hence, evaluation of learner performances and products should be rooted in a teacher’s judgment, using the criteria set for each and every task. An educator can develop assessment actions, which are specified to his/her ELLs' level of English understanding. Performance-based assessment actions can center on reading or oral communication. Some of the activities comprise of: reading in groups, narrating tales, role playing, providing descriptions using visual prompts, telling a tale through a sequence of a couple of pictures, completing dialogue through visual prompts, debating, brainstorming, playing games and completing incomplete stories. When using performance-based assessments with intermediate and beginner English proficiency level, it is advisable to assess less than three items at a time (Tannenbaum, 2009). For instance, d uring role play, an educator might assess the learner’s abilities to reply to "where" and "what" questions; respond to clarification and read telephone numbers or addresses. Portfolio Assessments Portfolios are convenient ways of evaluating student work all through the academic year. With this method, an educator can thoroughly collect evocative

Advantages and disadvantages of using mail surveys Essay

Advantages and disadvantages of using mail surveys - Essay Example The respondents also have an interest in the subject of the survey (Mail Surveys, 2005). The person administering the survey should also possess beforehand a mailing list of the respondents (Mail Surveys, 2005). Mail survey is practical to use because the researcher need not consume a lot of time setting an appointment with the respondent for a personal interview or dialing each of the telephone numbers for a phone interview. In a phone interview, there is a possibility that the respondent cannot be contacted due to a number of reasons (e.g. sudden important appointment of respondent, emergency meeting). In a mail survey, once all the letters are delivered to the post office, the burden of delivery is shifted to the postal network (Mail Surveys, 2005). Mailing cost is cheaper (Mail Surveys, 2005) than commuting personally to reach a respondent. This method can reach a wider sample size because there is no personal interaction between the researcher and the respondents (Mail Surveys, 2005). Respondents are not time-pressured to answer the questionnaires but can do it any time at their convenience (Mail Surveys, 2005). Moreover, bias of the interviewer is reduced with lack of personal interaction with the respondent (Mail Surveys, 2005). It is appropriate in soliciting customer suggestions and proposals or feedback on the changes to be implemented by an organization (Mail Surveys, 2004). This is also an effective approach in acquiring sensitive information such as personal feedbacks of respondents who are discontented or disgruntled with a service or organization (Mail Surveys, 2004). Mail survey is disadvantageous because the respondent may simply ignore the questionnaire and not take the effort to answer it and mail it back. In short, there is no assurance that the target respondent will respond to the mail survey (Mail Surveys, 2004). People with low literacy usually have low response rate (around 20

CVS Caremark Company`s Finantial results Research Paper

CVS Caremark Company`s Finantial results - Research Paper Example Similar increases and trends were seen in the net income of the company where a decrees was seen in year 2010 as compared to year 2009 followed by an increase in year 2011 where the reported net income was $3,461 million. The company’s debt to equity ratio in 2011 can be calculated as 24% which is reasonable when compared to industry average of 25% which means company have balanced structure of finance and is doing well. The current ratio of the company for year 2011 is 1.5 as compared to industry ratio of 1.6. The company is doing well when it comes to its liquidity position and seems to have enough cash resources cash dividends were also increased from 35 cents/share in 2010 to 50 cents/share in 2011. Further all the positivity in the financial results were reflected in an increase in the stock price of the company too which increased from $34.77 to $40.78 in year 2011 with an increase of 17.3%. The EPS of the company has also improved from $ 2.49 in 2010 to $ 2.59 in 2011 w ith an increase of 4%. Overall the company has a strong financial position with growth and stability in the company. (CVS Caremark. Annual Report 2011) Coinstar Inc. Financial Results: Coinstar Inc. ... ’s recorded revenue in year 2009 was $1,032 million, in year 2010 it increased to $1,436 million where an increase of 39% was seen and in year 2011 these results were increased to $1,845 million, with an increase of 28%. Similar increases and trends were seen in the net income of the company where an increase was seen in year 2010 as compared to year 2009 followed by an increase in year 2011 where the reported net income was $103 million. The company’s debt to equity ratio in 2011 can be calculated as 68% which is almost double when compared to industry average of 38% which means company relies too much on debt as a source of finance and doesn’t have a balanced structure of finance. The current ratio of the company for year 2011 is 1 as compared to industry ratio of 2. The company seems to have major cash flow issues which are evident from the non-payment of dividends and the increased debt to equity ratio which means the company is paying heavy finance costs. Ov erall the company is profitable but seems to have some concerning areas like cash flow issues due to using debt as source finance. (Coinstar Inc. Annual Report 2011) The CVS Company is a huge company as compared to Coinstar. The CVS has a strong financial status with billions of dollars of sales and large scale of operation while the Coinstar though has a lot of presence in many countries is also a profitable business. The revenues and reporting profits of both the companies are growing and it is always a wise idea to acquire a company with increasing revenues as is seen in Coinstar. The revenues of Coinstar are in much higher increasing trends as compared to CVS Company which shows the company has a lot of potential to grow sales. (Coinstar Inc. Annual Report 2011) Both the companies CVS and Coinstar are

Identify and fully describe the main developments Essay Example for Free

Identify and fully describe the main developments Essay 1. Identify and fully describe the main developments of Operating Systems, giving examples of their origins and use. Batch Operating Systems were an early operating system available, and were first introduced in the mid 50s. They were designed to make human manual work easier; humans were replicating identical jobs over and over again, hence in batch. A batch operating system keeps itself eventful; it does this by taking jobs from a batch queue, instead of waiting for people to submit jobs. The jobs are then processed one or more at a time under control of the operating system, however most jobs undertaken in this operating system would be single-task. These type of operating system were often left to work overnight, mainly because the jobs were batched the next job in the queue would be commenced as soon as the previous job had been completed, this way of processing would allow for a large work load to be automatically completed without the requirement to wait and tell the computer to do the next job. Real Time Operating Systems (RTOS) are often embedded, meaning a integral part of a system inside another device. They have very little user interface capability. Real time operating systems like their name implies, respond to an input immediately. Real time operating systems are capable of processing data so quickly that the results are available to influence the activity currently taking place. [Computer Science 5th Edition, CS French, Ashford Press Gosport, 1996] Real time operating systems guarantee a certain capability within a specified time constraint; these time constraints are usually very rigid. If the system does not conform to this time limit, the system ultimately fails. They are used for various purposes; a few of these are medical equipment, industrial control systems and car computers. Parallel Systems have more than one processor to carry out a single job. The systems often carry out one single job using the resources of both processors of the machine; however some systems will have a processor dedicated to a single task. These operations work in parallel (side by side) of one another. Distributed Systems act as an illusion to a user. A multiple number of nodes are set up on a network, to allow data access or device sharing. This allows for other users of different machines to access data on another machine on the network. For example at college a student logs on to the machine, the machine seems local to the user, the user observes the system as using its own local drives and devices. However these Drives and devices are setup on a client-server machine but appear to be local to the user. Time Sharing Operating Systems allow multi-tasking, the operating system shares a slice of the processor resources to designated programs and users logged on to the system. For example, it is not unusual for a home user to have a word processing package, internet browser and a multimedia package to be open at the same time. Microsoft Windows is a great example for allowing this. Personal Computer Operating Systems were brought about in the early 70s. However it wasnt until the 1980s that they became popular, and the focus of the operating system changed from the hardware aspect, to that of the user interface (how the user observes the operating system). Personal Computer Systems are simply operating systems that share the processors resources for single users tasks. The main concept behind personal computer operating systems is the user interface. The workings are important; however the main principal is that the user is entirely interactive with the system. These are perhaps the most difficult for designers to produce, as a very high level knowledge of user interface design is required. This is to allow users of any level to use the system comfortably. It allows for considerable power for a single user to run high-tech graphics and multimedia packages. These operating systems evolved in to very capable systems, allowing for heavy multi-tasking usage. Examples of Personal Computer operating systems are as follows: Microsoft Windows Linux Apple Macintosh MAC OS 2. Identify and fully describe the main purposes of an operating system. All components of the operating system are required to be covered, to clearly show an understanding of what each component does and how they fit into the overall system design. Process Management Process management is a way of tracking processes and managing them in such a way that there is enough processor resources to correctly function. Process is another word for a task that is to be performed by the computer. Along with a process is a set of information about the particular process. The information required to track these processes are stored in a data package called a Process Control Block (PCB). The process control block contains the following information about a process:   An identification number that uniquely identifies the process Owner ID An identification of the user/device who the process belongs to   Priority A number to represent its priority to the system   Status What its current state is. This is 1 of 3 states (Ready, Waiting, Running). Units of Processor Time Used   Resources waiting for for example paper for the printer.   Link to Another PCB   Registers the registers the process has contents in. Process ID 239845 Owner ID Chris. Oliver Priority 25 Status Waiting Units of Processor Time Used 264 Resource waiting for Disks [printer] Link to another PCB Next PCB in wait Queue Registers Contents of registers when process last stopped running An example of a PCB is shown below: this is for a print job A Processes state is diagrammatically shown below, this shows state transition and how it works. A process can be in one of five states; these five states are as follows: State Definition HOLD A processs state at the beginning, this is when the devices and memory allocation size is decided. READY this state is when the process has been allocated all the resources required and is ready for being operated on by the computer RUNNING This state is when the process is in the CPU WAITING This is when the process stops because of an input or output waiting to be completed. The process is removed from the processor and is allocated this state. It is given this state until the input or output is given the all clear. FINISHED This is when the process has been finished, and all the devices used by the process have been released ready for the next process. Deadlocks Deadlocks occur when a multiple number of processes fight for very little resources available from the processor. For example one process has been granted the allocation of the modem, however is waiting for a text file, but process two has the text file and is waiting for the modem. In this instance each process will not gather the resources required because they have been allocated to another process, this is where a deadlock occurs. Process Management in an operating system has the job to destroy one of the processes to allow for one of the processes to be put in the ready queue. Scheduling Scheduling is a method in the operating system that allows processes to enter the ready queue allowing them to then take execution. The strategies used to take these processes and allow them to be ready for execution are as follows:   Process the maximum amount of jobs.   Sharing out processing time equally to users   Providing acceptable response times, this is in the form of not running intensive programs while users are logged on to the system. Keeping devices as busy as possible.   Attempting to gradually freeing up of processes, instead of crashing.   Avoid Deadlocking Scheduling is comprised of three sections: 1 Long Term Scheduling this is where processes are batched together, when the resources and space are free the process is then executed. This type of scheduling is used for jobs like heavy overnight print jobs. 2 Mid-Term Scheduling this is where a decision is made as to whether the processor is to busy for the amount of processes attempting to use it, the decision can be then fixed by terminating processes. When the system is free again the process can be re-executed. 3 Short Term Scheduling is a where the next process is selected from the ready queue; it uses algorithms to do this. Shortest burst time being the time spent running before the process will have to wait before an input or output operation. Shortest remaining time is the processes that have very little time left; this inevitably allows space for another process to execute. Priority scheduling a control that allow special circumstance processes to execute through the system quickly. Round robin limits the time a process is allowed to run before it is removed, it is then placed back in the ready queue. Memory Management Memory is an area in which data and instructions are stored. These operations must be managed by an operating system in order for the system to be stable and to run fluently. Memory management within an operating system must ensure that a process has enough memory to run, ensuring it does not go in to another processes slot as this causes corruption. This management is a way of protecting memory from becoming unstable. Memory management is also responsible for using the computers other memory sources effectively, to ensure programs run smoothly and effectively. This is handled by using virtual memory; using the hard disc drive as a temporary memory source for processes and data. This can benefit the user in various ways: The user is not rigidly restricted to space available. Using a large virtual memory space provides convenience for instances where large programs etc. are required to be stored in memory. Users are using less physical memory; therefore the system can handle more users on the system. High Speed Cache is a fast memory storage; cache predicts the data that the CPU may need next, it then retrieves it from RAM and places it in to the high speed cache, this speeds up system performance, as cache is a lot faster than RAM is in providing for the processor. The operating systems task is to control an even flow of the processes and decide where they should go practically, moving processes to the best location as the scheduler asks it to do so. This scheduler knows what process is next in line therefore can tell memory it is next and to move it to a suitable location for it to be quickly accessed. Paging Paging is a method used in operating systems to make a programs memory non-contiguous, in simple terms; allowing a program to be allocated to any memory location available. This is used when a bulk of data is bigger than the memory allocation it has been given; it firstly fills the memory allocation provided, and then stores the rest of the data in any space available in memory. This method of splitting the data is known as Fragmentation. This decreases system performance. Defragmentation To enhance the performance of the memory of a secondary storage medium, the operating system runs an operation called Defragmentation. Defragmentation is a process that sorts data in to a contiguous sequence. If a non-contiguous set of data is found, it will be relocated and stored as a whole. The image above is an illustration to show pictorially how a storage device could look in a data structure. As you can see fragmented files are scattered. If this data was attempted to be retrieved it would be slower feedback to the user as the data has been fragmented and would have to be found first. If data is to be found quickly and retrieved without a problem, the diagram below shows how a data structure should pictorially look. The image shows a contiguous data structure, with no fragmented files. This is the idea state for a system to be operated under. File and Disk Management TALK ABOUT HOW MEMORY IS STORED i. e. CONTIGIOUS Blocks of data are assigned in a complete row, using this method the files are simple to access. The space must be large enough to store all the data Files may become larger, therefore the space may be too small in the future, then it will need relocating (moved) This then causes fragmentation of the storage device. , NON CONTIGIOUS Files are recognised by operating systems and worked upon by using file extensions. A file consist of two parts, one being the unique name to the user, second being the file extension related to the program that runs that type of file. The operating system recognises exactly which program to open when the file is run. The way that files and data are managed, is critical to the performance of the computer and the security of the data. File management within an operating system provides a logical way for the user to observe there data, instead of having the complication of the physical implementation. Operating systems main job in this area is to ensure that data is stored and relocated correctly, as well as having the responsibility to process files, find space to store them, and to retrieve this data at any time. For example a . PDF file when run will be recognised by the operating system to be open in Adobe Acrobat Reader, providing the program is installed on the computer. An operating system can perform several different tasks towards files, they are as follows: Operation/Task Function Create finding space for it on storage medium, a new record made in directory Write Finds the file from directory and adds data to it. Read Finds the file then puts it in to memory and a read pointer is used to track where the next read place is to take place. In most operating systems however, a write pointer is held at this point, in-case the user intends to write to the file while reading Delete finds the file, then frees all space given to it, this is then erased from the computer Files are a collection of saved information that is stored on a type of storage medium for later retrieval. File attributes are the information related to the file, just like we have information related to ourselves, i. e. telephone number and home address. A files attributes are vital in order for the operating system to create a file structure system, it does this by using the attributes to sort the files in to some kind of order. For computer data files there are a set of minimum attributes related to them, they are as follows: Attribute Name Role Name an identifier to the user, in the form of a string of characters Type the type of file it is, this is important as different operating systems handle different types of files differently. Location Information held about where the file is stored, usually in the form of a path to it. e. g. C:\Documents and Settings\Chris\Assignment. doc. Size The size of the file (in bytes) e. g. 270kb. Protection Permissions to who can access the file. I. e. Read Only Date when the file was created, modified or accessed. Author the person the file was created and saved by. Directories Directories are a hierarchical way of separating these files; directories simply make it simpler for users to relocate the file at another time. The root is the top directory of a file system; the root is determined by the operating system. The root directory is usually the bootable device on a home computer system. Commonly C: Paths are a list of directories that the operating system goes through to find a run able file. For example: C:\windows\cdplayer. exe The operating system will go in to the root and then in to the directory Windows the file named cdplayer. exe will then be located and executed. Tree Structure are of a hierarchical nature, therefore the top level is the root of the directory and every other sub directory from which all other directories stem off. A Backslash is used to separate and indicate directories within directories (sub directories) Directories allow a method for the operating system to easy locate files. Volumes are a fixed amount of storage space allocated on a device. If a hard disc drive has two partitions set up, then it is said to have two volumes because it has two separate fixed storage spaces. Formatting a device in turn means to prepare it for read and write access. It does this by wiping all drive information that has been pre-set, it then tests each sector of the disc to ensure they are reliable enough for read and writing in and out of. File Allocation Techniques FAT (File Allocation Table) 32. Located on the storage device, basically holds the relevant information in a table, to find the data on the disk. its security does not measure up to that of NTFS and its filename size constraint is poor to that of NTFS. Searches from top to bottom when looking for a file. Contains the first block of each file on the disk, Requires a tremendous amount of space NTFS (New Technology File System) Used in Windows NT based operating systems Uses a similar table to that of FAT32 to keep track of file locations Looks at directory structure from the side to help speed up the location of files Uses Link Listed Allocation. Linked allocation creates inked lists using disk sectors as nodes. For example, if the sector size is 512 bytes, and it takes a 32 bit number to represent the next block address, then only 508 bytes can be used to store data (the other 4 bytes are used to locate the next file sector). This approach eliminates external fragmentation (since even the smallest block can now be used). Some problems with this approach are that seeking within a file is now difficult. For example, if were interested in the last 100 bytes of a 100mb file, we need to traverse all the sectors of the file (follow links) to get to the last 100 bytes. Another major issue is that we need to do a disk seek with every disk sector (unless disk sectors are contiguous). And yet another issue with this is that storing pointers on every disk sector uses up a lot of disk space. UNIX Used I-Nodes an indexed file allocation method. Its fast for small blocks of data and can accommodate extremely large volumes of data RAM Disk RAM disks are a temporary storage solution, data cannot be permanently saved, and data is lost on any type of system shut off. I. e. system reboots. A Random Access Memory disk is a segment of the main memory that is left for extra storage if required. This is otherwise known as a Virtual Drive. The main use for this area is that of performing operations to files, this is a better way of performing operations as the rate at which they can be performed on are that much higher than that of a physical drive. Size constraints are a major problem with RAM disks, as they are limited to that only of the RAM contained in the machine. For example in modern home computer systems 256mb of RAM is contained, therefore only 256megabyte of RAM disc can be used. 256mb in todays computing is very little in comparison to what users require. OS Services files, copy, delete, rename, view, find, backup Directories create, rename, list, delete Programming, Open, close, read, write, seek File allocation methods, FAT 32, NTFS, UNIX, Disk caching RAM disk Defragmentation I/O System Management DMA DMA takes control of the system by imitating the processor; it does this to enable itself to transfer data to and from the memory using the system bus. Buffering is required primarily because of the slow nature of I/O Device function. It is a way of smoothing out an I/O operation, Virtual Segmentation each process is divided in to slices (segments) non-resident Caching and Spooling of Input and output devices Drivers System Components ( CPU, RAM, System Bus, Local Buses, Device Controllers, Control Registers, Devices). IO response System (polling, interrupts, I/O, DMA Kernal Layers, Purpose, Device, Drivers, System calls Device Management Device management controls hardware resources; this includes the control over selection and operation of the devices used for input, output or storage. 2. Select an appropriate type of operating system for the following ICT needs, giving the choice of current operating systems [trade names]: a) Local council office department in charge of the collection, and distribution of council tax. b) A national car-rental agency, whose main computing centre is located in Sheffield, through which all of the daily transactions for the business are conducted. c) An electro-plating circuit board manufactures. d) A travelling company representative, who uses technology to keep in touch with his office. 3. Research and identify the different operating systems currently available for desktop computers. From your research and investigations of these operating systems you must critically evaluate them. This evaluation should clearly demonstrate your understanding of the differences found including and potential disadvantages. Bibliography http://www. cse. lehigh. edu/~glennb/um/book/c10os. htm http://dragon. acadiau. ca/~dbenoit/3713/slides/pdf/Week2. 1_History. pdf http://cne. gmu. edu/itcore/processes/Time. html http://www. netnam. vn/unescocourse/os/35. htm#3. 5. 3%20Virtual%20memory%20concept http://www. cs. aue. auc. dk/~akbar/ospdfiles/wschap7. PDF Books [Computer Science 5th Edition, CS French, Ashford Press Gosport, 1996].

History of Panama Canal Essay Example for Free

History of Panama Canal Essay Christopher Columbus was on his fourth voyage and he was looking for a way to China. That’s when he came across the country named Panama, which stretches only 60 miles, where he found Indians who had tons of gold. But he was looking for a way to China so he sent his brother Bartholomew to search for more gold. At first Indians were willing to lead the Spaniards to the gold, but eventually they got tired and led the Spanish back to the coast. When the Indians did this they were abused. Eventually the Indians fought back and drove of the Spanish. Balboa is one of the people who found tons of gold and sent it back to Spain, but saved a lot for himself. With his earnings he decided to Balboa decided to settle in Hispaniola as a planter. But after some time he ended up in debt and had to abandon his life as a planter. Trying to escape his creditors Balboa hid in a ship and tried to escape, from Santo Domingo to San Sebastian, and was successful. When they arrived at San Sebastian, they discovered that it had been burned to the ground. Balboa convinced the others to travel southwest with him to a spot he had seen on his earlier expedition. In 1511, Balboa founded a colony, the first European settlement in South America the town of Santa Maria de la Antigua del Darien. Balboa married the daughter of Careta, the local Indian chief. Soon after, in 1513, he sailed with hundreds of Spaniards and Indians across the Gulf of Uraba to the Darien Peninsula. Balboa headed an overland expedition west through very dense rainforests. Along the way they fought many local Indians and destroyed one Indian village, killing hundreds of Indians. Balboa was the first European to see the eastern part of the Pacific Ocean. Balboa and his men then traveled to the ocean and claimed it and all the land that touched it for Spain. The building of the Panama Canal came to light during the 1530’s. As they began to transport their riches back to the Spanish homeland, they were always interested in more efficient routes. It was suggested to Spanish Ruler Charles V that Panama might serve as an ideal place to construct a water passage joining the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. This would considerably cut the time it took to otherwise sail around the southern edge of South America. But wars back home put the idea on hold. In 1845 French company called the Compagnie de Panama wanted a railroad built by Colombia across Isthmus and administer it for 99 years. However in 1848 they couldn’t pay for it and lost their rights regarding the railroad. In 1848 the California gold rush occurred. This alone caused heavy traffic across the Isthmus of Panama. Later that year in December, U. S Company, the Panama railroad company negotiated a new contract with Bogota, Colombia to build the railroad across the Isthmus in 6 years. Part of the contract said that the trip would be guaranteed in less than 12 hours. The railroad was built and completed the journey in 4 ? hours. But Matthew Fontaine Maury, leading U. S. government scientist wrote to congress that the railroad Isthmus of Panama will lead to the construction of a ship canal between the two oceans, for a railroad can’t do the business which commerce will require it. Railroad was expensive it cost $250 in gold to ride the 47 miles. It cost 10-15 cents a pound to carry a passenger’s baggage. Express freight and merchandise was charged $1. 80 per cubic foot. Railroad Company made more than $7 million. This was too expensive for normal people and Maury’s words of 1849 came true as men from around the world began to arrive to build the Panama Canal. The first country to try and build the canal was France. Ferdinand de Lesseps, who supervised the Suez Canal, was interested in building the Panama Canal. He joined several French businessmen to form a private company with an impressive name: the Societe Civile Internationale du Canal Interuceanique du Darien. The societe sent Lucien Napoleon- Bon parte Wyse, grandnephew of the 1st French emperor, Napoleon Bon parte to Panama in early November 1876, to survey the site for a canal and, more important, to secure the permission of Colombia for such a project. Colombian government and Wyse had an agreement. That for an initial payment of nearly $200,000 as well as yearly rental fee, societe was granted permission to build and administer a canal for 99 year lease. Colombia gave societe a belt of land 200 meter wide across the entire width of Panama. However at the end of 99 years the canal and land would be returned to Colombia. In 1873 U. S. had conducted surveys of a potential route across Panama, but had rejected it. Wyes never did surveys, and decided to use the notes of U. S. surveys instead. After that he left Panama for home to report to Lesseps. The French plan was simple a channel across the Isthmus at sea level. They would follow a route that ran close to the existing Panama railroad. They planned to use the railroad to transport supplies and haul away the excavated dirt. Once the excavation had reached sea level the canal itself would be dug another 27 ? feet deep, and 72 feet deep at its bottom. They planned to complete the canal in 12 years. However the idea of sea level canal was impossible to achieve. Charges river valley, through which and canal would have to go through stood at an altitude of 80-100 feet above sea level. Nobody including de Lesseps ignored this problem and said it was not serious. However the French never finished the sea level canal. 1000’s of men died of malaria, yellow fever and other diseases. Eventually in 1889 the French court also declared the French canal company was bankrupt. In 1903 Panama declared its independence from Colombia and wins it with the help of U.  S. Soon the Hay- Bunau – Varilla treaty was signed which gave U. S. the right to build a canal through Panama. At this time President Roosevelt was in charge. Roosevelt wanted to build the canal to increase America’s navy power, and it made the trip from the east coast to the west coast of the U. S. much shorter than the route taken around the tip of South America. 1904, the Americans first year in Panama, mirrored the French disaster. The chief engineer, John Findlay Wallace, neglected to organize the effort or to develop an action plan. The food was putrid, the living conditions abysmal. Political red tape put a stranglehold on appropriations. Disease struck, and three out of four Americans booked passage home. Engineer Wallace soon followed. The Americans had poured $128 million into the swamps of Panama, to very little effect. Wallace’s replacement was John Stevens. Stevens had built the Great Northern Railroad across the Pacific Northwest. In rough territory from Canada to Mexico, he had proven his tenacity. And his new plan of action would ultimately save the canal. Stevens began work not by digging, but by cleaning. Thanks to the work of WILLIAM GORGAS, the threats of yellow fever and malaria were greatly diminished. Then on February 12, 1907, a dispirited Chief Engineer Stevens resigned, and Goethals took over as the chief engineer. Colonel George Washington Goethals, an Army engineer with experience building lock-type canals, assumed the Chief Engineers post. Demanding and rigidly organized, Goethals quickly picked up where Stevens left off. America had to face a couple of problems. First they had to dig at the Culebra Cut, where 100,000,000 cubic yards of earth and rock would have to be removed. The workers there made ten cents an hour moved as much as 200 trainloads of spoil a day. When mudslides filled the Cut repeatedly, Goethals simply ordered it dug out again. There were accidents of all sorts, lost equipment, and deaths, but there was progress. The engineering problems were enormous. Because the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans are at different elevations, a series of three sets of water-filled chambers, called locks, that raise and lower ships from one level to the next, had to be excavated and constructed.

Development of Person Centred Nursing Care

Development of Person Centred Nursing Care The aim of this essay is to describe the history of person-centred care, explain why person-centred approach is important in healthcare environment and how it is achieved. This essay will also explain the concept of a person-centeredness, the concepts of a person and personhood and the issues arising from this perspectives. Furthermore, it will describe the core concepts and frameworks. Concept of person-centred care (PCC) and patient-centred nursing framework (PCNF) suggest that all healthcare staff should focus onto values and beliefs of an individual while realising the importance of knowing self and competency amongst other factors within the healthcare staff (McCormack McCance, 2010; Royal College of Nursing (RCN), 2010). Principles of PCC are underpinning many guides, codes and publications. These are here to assist the healthcare staff making sure that the individual at the centre of their care will experience high quality care (Department of Health (DH), 2012; Nursing and Mi dwifery Council (NMC), 2008; RCN, 2010). Because of the complex nature of PCC this essay will only explain the above mentioned principles in more depth (values and beliefs of an individual, knowing self and competency). Furthermore, this essay will identify the issues involved in delivering PCC, including the media case involving Mid Staffordshire NHS and Francis report (2013). From historical point of view the term person-centeredness was developed by psychologist and one of the founders of the humanistic approach Carl Rogers, who focused mainly on creating therapeutic relationships with his clients. Rogers identified three core conditions important in delivering person-centred therapy – empathy, therapeutic genuineness and unconditional positive regard for all clients (Josefowitz Myran, 2005). Empathy is described as the ability to put oneself in the person’s place, imagining how one would feel in their situation (NMC, 2010). Accurate level of empathy and congruence defines the genuineness (Truax et al., 1966) of the therapist. Rogers (1957) describes unconditional positive regard as the acceptance of person’s positive, negative feelings and experiences. Now that the historical background of the person-centred approach was explained, it is important to understand the concept of a person. This concept represents the humanness and the way one is constructing a way of life. Attributes of a person such as desires, motives, memory and others, shape moral values, spiritual or religious and political beliefs and also emotional involvement in relationships (McCormack McCance, 2010). Among several perspectives explaining the concept of a person there is the hierarchy of attributes perspective, which suggests that to be classed as a person, one has to collect several physical and psychological attributes (McCormack McCance, 2010). The issue surrounding this approach is that an individual suffering from dementia (loss of a memory attribute) would automatically lose the person status (McCormack McCance, 2010). Concept of personhood defined by Kitwood (1997) suggests that in context of relationship and social being, others give a status to hum an being. This status is based on trust, respect and recognition. Regardless of the differences, these perspectives can be connected through the authenticity. It is a process of self-discovery based on person’s values, ideals and actions. It is a realisation of ones potential and also acting on this potential while accepting the responsibility for the consequences of life choices (Starr, 2008). Respecting and accepting a person as an individual, their values and beliefs and providing an individual approach to person’s needs and care is fundamental in PCC because it ensures that the person is participating in their healthcare as an equal partner (RCN, 2014). RCN (2014) also states that involvement of a person in their own care is beneficial for the person because they experience greater satisfaction with care and the system becomes more cost-effective. VIPS framework suggests that to ensure PCC it has to be understood that every single human life has an absolute value. Each person’s values and beliefs are unique and therefore each person requires an individual approach. All health care staff should be able to see and understand the world from the person’s perspective and create a supportive social environment (Brooker, 2004). McCormack (2004) defined four core concepts of person centred nursing paying attention to personal values and beliefs in his first core concept being in a social context. For a nurse the social context of a person means a true understanding of person’s context (their values, beliefs and life experiences) which allows creating a life plan that nurtures an individual personhood (McCormack, 2004). Schofield (1994) states that concerns in care can be clarified when individual’s biographical details and social context are recognised by an experienced nurse. Furthermore, being able to work with ones beliefs and values reduces generalisation based on pre-conceptions and previous experiences (McCormack McCance, 2010). Clarke et al. (2003) found out that this biographical approach improves PCC as it encourages healthcare staff to see the person and not a patient, which is helpful in building relationships with patients and their family. McCormack’s (2004) remaining core concepts are being in relation, being in place and being with self. Being in relation emphasises the importance of relationship s between healthcare staff and the person. Being in place suggests that the place where care is delivered has an impact on the care experience. Being with self explains that forming of values and beliefs is based on knowing self. While these four core concepts were focusing on the person in care, there are also frameworks that relate to the nursing staff. PCNF is a tool which enables nurses to explore PCC in their practice (McCance et al., 2011). PCNF comprises of four main components including prerequisites, care environment, person centred processes and expected outcomes. Prerequisites are the attributes of the nurse which include self-awareness, professional competency, development of interpersonal skills and also commitment to the job (McCormack McCance, 2010). In nursing, knowing self or self-awareness means the way nurses see themselves and the way they construct their own worlds. This has an influence on their practice and engagement with people (McCormack McCance, 2010). Being self-aware is important, because if the nurse is able to recognise her/his own feelings and the effect these feelings have on the ability to be fully focused on the person in their care, it is less likely that the nurse will c reate a block in compassionate care. Reflection on self awareness and identification of personal feelings and blocks improves person-centred nursing practice (Devenny Duffy, 2013). Nurses and student nurses are also required to recognise their limits of competency. Professional competency in nursing requires skills, knowledge and is seen as the ability to prioritise and make judgements and decisions (McCormack McCance, 2010). Nurses have to attend and participate in trainings to maintain and develop their competency (NMC, 2008). These trainings and standard of education for all nursing staff is set by NMC and all registered professionals are required to continue to learn and develop their skills throughout their careers (McCormack McCance, 2006). Competent and self-aware nurses can create optimal person-centred care environment. Care environment represents a context in which care is delivered. Effective staff relationships, shared decision making, skill mix, organisational system and also physical environment are important, because they all contribute to delivering high quality PCC (McCormack McCance, 2010). Throughout every stage of life people expect that delivered care will be consistent, right and meeting individual’s needs (DH, 2012). Therefore, PCC moves away from the previous medically orientated care to collaborative, holistic and relationship-focused care. Positive relationships between the care staff and the person and also the relationships between the care staff themselves are very important because they create therapeutic environment, especially when the team is effective (McCance, McCormack Dewing, 2010). Multidisciplinary teams focus on supporting and caring for people while collaborating (DH, 2012). N urses play a crucial role within multidisciplinary teams delivering person centred processes. This mean that nurses provide holistic care; they actively engage people in informed decision making and that the nursing staff is working with and respecting person’s beliefs and values. Nurses are also able to shape person’s experience by delivering high standard care (DH, 2008). To achieve a high quality care all health care staff should have sympathetic presence while working with people (McCormack McCance, 2010). Involvement in care, feeling of wellbeing, creating therapeutic environment and overall satisfaction with care are included in expected outcomes of PCC (McCormack McCance, 2010). Person centred activities allow a person to be involved in their care as an equal partner (RCN, 2014). Collins (2014) states that these activities include self management support (SMS), shared decision making (SDM), collaborative care and support planning. In SMS a person is encouraged to develop the knowledge about their conditions so they can become skilled and confident managers of their own health. Building person’s capabilities should be based on incorporation of evidence-based health information (Collins, 2014). In SDM person is encouraged to make a single informed decision about their own health with confidence. Person’s understanding of evidence-based information about treatment risks and probabilities is crucial (Collins, 2014). Collaborative care and support planning merges SMS and SDM together enabling the person gain the knowledge about their conditions, become a confident self-manager ensuring they are able to make informed decisions about their care or support they are receiving (Collins, 2014). Despite all the efforts of many health care professionals, there are times when PCC fails to be delivered. One of the major issues in providing PCC in nursing is the fact that a little attention is paid to care experience of a person. This is due to a great pressure on professionals and teams to be highly effective and efficient (McCormack McCance, 2010). This is quite obvious in Francis report (2013) which concludes that Mid Staffordshire NHS was focusing more on financial pressure and becoming the foundation trust rather than quality of care provided. Furthermore, the achievement of targets was also highly prioritised. Acceptance of poor standards of care within the health care teams resulted in denial of privacy, dignity, food, water, assistance in toileting and in many cases in death of patients (Francis, 2013). As a result of this, importance of PCC is now embedded in several policies such as Principles of Nursing Practice (RCN, 2010), National service framework for older peopl e (DH, 2001), The Code (NMC, 2008) and Compassion in Practice (DH, 2012). It can be concluded that the concept of PCC has been around for decades starting with Rogers and his humanistic approach, emphasising the importance of putting the person into the centre of holistic therapy and care (Josefowitz Myran, 2005). PCC involves the patient in their care. Respecting and working with person’s values and beliefs should be achieved by knowing self and being a competent registered professional with an updated knowledge (McCormack McCance, 2010). Despite the efforts of many health care professionals, it was obvious after Mid Staffordshire NHS case and the publication of Francis report (2013) that some health care teams were failing in many fundamental aspects of PCC leading to death of many patients. After this media case several publications were published by the governing bodies embedding person-centeredness in order to ensure this will not happen again in the future. Reference list: Brooker D. (2004). What is person-centred care in dementia? Clinical Gerontology, 13, 215–222. Clarke, A., Hanson, E.J. Ross, H. (2003). Seeing the person behind the patient: Enhancing the care of older people using a biographical approach. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 12, 697-706. Collins, A. (2014). Measuring what really matters. Towards a coherent measurement system to support person-centred care. London: The Health Foundation. Devenny, B. Duffy, K. (2013). Person-centred reflective practice. Nursing Standard, 28, 37-43. Francis, R. (2013). Report of the Mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation Trust Public Inquiry: Executive summary. London: The Stationery Office. Great Britain. Department of Health. (2001). National Service Framework for Older People. London: Department of Health. Great Britain. Department of Health. (2008). NHS Next Stage Review: A High Quality Workforce. London: Department of Health. Great Britain. Department of Health. (2012). Compassion in Practice: Nursing, Midwifery and Care Staff. Our Vision and Strategy. London: Department of Health. Josefowitz, N. Myran, D. (2005). Towards a person-centred cognitive behaviour therapy. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 18(4), 329 – 336. Kitwood, T. (1997). Dementia Reconsidered: The Person Comes First. Milton Keynes: Open University Press. McCance, T., McCormack, B. Dewing, J. (2011). An Exploration of Person-Centredness in Practice. The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 16, No. 2 McCormack, B. (2004). Person-centredness in gerontological nursing: an overview of the literature. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 13(3A), 31-38. McCormack, B. McCance, T. (2006).Development of a framework for person-centred nursing. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 56(5), 472–479. McCormack, B. McCance, T. (2010).Person-centred Nursing. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. Nursing and Midwifery Council. (2008). The Code: Standards of conduct, performance and ethics for nurses and midwives. London: Nursing and Midwifery Council. Nursing and Midwifery Council. (2010). Guidance for the care of older people. London: Nursing and Midwifery Council. Rogers, C.R. (1957). The necessary and sufficient of therapeutic personality change. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 21, 95-103. Royal College of Nursing. (2010). Principles of Nursing Practice: principles and measures consultation. London: Royal College of Nursing. Royal College of Nursing. (2014). Person-centred care. Retrieved November 18, 2014, from: http://www.rcn.org.uk/development/practice/cpd_online_learning/dignity_in_health_care/person-centred_care Schofield, I. (1994). An historical approach to care. Elderly Care, 6(6), 14-15. Starr, S. S. (2008). Authenticity: A Concept Analysis.Nursing Forum,43(2), 55-62. Truax, C. B., Wargo, D. G., Frank, J. D., Imber, S. D., Battle, C. C., Hoern-Saric, R., Stone, A. R. (1966). The therapist’s contribution to accurate empathy, non-possessive warmth and genuineness in psychotherapy.Journal of Clinical Psychology,22(3), 331-334.

The Slave Trade And Its Effects On Early America Essay -- essays resea

The Slave Trade and Its Effects on Early America   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Slavery played an important role in the development of the American colonies. It was introduced to the colonies in 1619, and spanned until the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863. The trading of slaves in America in the seventeenth century was a large industry. Slaves were captured from their homes in Africa, shipped to America under extremely poor conditions, and then sold to the highest bidder, put to work, and forced to live with the new conditions of America.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There was no mercy for the slaves and their families as they were captured from their homes and forced onto slave ships. Most of the Africans who were captured lived in small villages in West Africa. A typical village takeover would occur early in the morning. An enemy tribe would raid the village, and then burn the huts to the ground. Most of the people who were taken by surprise were killed or captured; few escaped. The captured Africans were now on their way to the slave ships. â€Å"Bound together two by two with heavy wooden yokes fastened around their necks, a long line of black men and women plodded down a well-worn path through the dense forest. Most of the men were burdened with huge elephants' tusks. Others, and many of the women too, bore baskets or bales of food. Little boys and girls trudged along beside their parents, eyes wide in fear and wonder† (McCague, 14).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After they were marched often hundreds of miles, it was time for them to be shipped off to sea, so that they could be sold as cheap labor to help harvest the new world. But before they were shipped off, they had to pass through a slave-trading station. The slave trade, which was first controlled by Portugal, was now controlled by other European nations. In the late 1600's, Spain, Holland, England, France and Denmark were all sending ships to West Africa. The slave trade was becoming big business (Goodman, 7).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Selection of the slaves by the traders was a painstaking process. Ships from England would pull up on the coast of Africa, and the captains would set off towards the coast on small ships. â€Å"If the slave trader was a black chief, there always had to be a certain amount of palaver, or talk, before getting down to business. As a rule, the chief would expect some pr... ...m for slave owners, because they wanted the most efficiency out of their slaves as possible. In some places doctors were called in to treat blacks as well as whites.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The slave trade played an important role in the growth of the American colonies. Without the trading of slaves in the seventeenth century, American plantations would not have prospered into the export empire that they were. Works Cited Buckmaster, Henrietta. Let My People Go. Boston: Beacon Press, 1941. Davis, David Brion. Slavery and Human Progress. New York: Oxford University Press,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1984. DuBois, William Edward Burghardt. The Suppression of the African Slave-Trade to the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  United States of America. New York: Schocken Books, 1969. Goodman, Walter. Black Bondage: the Life of Slaves in the South. New York: Farrar,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Straus & Giroux, 1969. Howard, Richard. Black Cargo. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1972. McCague, James. The Long Bondage 1441-1815. Illinois: Garrard Publishing   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Company, 1972. Stampp, Kenneth M. The Peculiar Institution. New York: Borzoi Books, 1982.

Examine Eliot’s treatment of women in Prufrock, Preludes, Portrait of E

Examine Eliot’s treatment of women in Prufrock, Preludes, Portrait of a Lady and Rhapsody on a Windy Night In all four of the poems; ‘Prufrock’, ‘Preludes’, ‘Portrait of a Lady’ and ‘Rhapsody on a Windy Night’, Eliot makes references to women. Eliot seems to treat women almost as objects to either be looked at with wonder and, at times, fascination or as objects to be scorned upon. In all of the poems Eliot makes the voice of the poem slightly distanced from the women and this, to me, makes the women seem almost untouchable. When looking at the poem ‘Prufrock’ we must first notice that the full title is ‘The Love Song of J.Alfred Prufrock.’ This title seems almost ironic as, after reading the poem, we realise that the poem is not a love song at all. The title is beauteous however, like the women Eliot makes reference to in the poem; â€Å"In the room the women come and go / Talking of Michelangelo.† This small, non-descriptive mention of women tells us much about Eliot’s perception of women in ‘Prufrock.’ These two lines, presented to us almost like a chorus, interrupt the flow of the poem, which is perhaps what women did in Eliot’s life. These lines also show Eliot’s fascination with women as women were less educated than men around 1910 when ‘Prufrock’ was conceived, so for these women to talk of Michelangelo is almost shocking and something to be marvelled upon. In Prufrock, I believe Eliot is concerned with the high society of women and the poem shows his fascination with them. The tone of ‘Prufrock’ is not bitter towards the women, nor does it celebrate them, it merely comments on the women and Eliot seems to give a fairly neutral view of women. ‘Portrait of a Lady’ is another poem in which Eliot ex... ...apsody on a Windy Night’. By appealing to our senses, Eliot draws us in to his poetry up to a point where we can almost smell exactly what he is describing, which brings us closer to the women in his poems. Between the four poems â€Å"Prufrock†, â€Å"Portrait of a Lady†, â€Å"Preludes† and â€Å"Rhapsody on a Windy Night† Eliot provides us with a rounded view of women. He describes the beautiful and untouchable side of them in ‘Prufrock’, the darker, more sordid side of women in ‘Preludes’ and ‘Rhapsody on a Windy Night’ with a description of how false women can be in ‘Portrait of a Lady’. Eliot’s imagery is effective in the poems, as by using it he justifies his reasons for describing the women in the way he does. I feel that Eliot describes women in the way in which he views them, drawing from personal experiences and what he takes from poets who have gone before him.

Managers, Programming, Web Source and Technology :: essays research papers

Why should managers become better acquainted with programming issues, web source and technology? Abstract Summary Now more than ever, the marketplace has created a strong connection between information technology and managers due to the markets in depth involvement with technology. This is the reason why there’s been a recent requirement for managers to have somewhat of understanding of information technology, basic programming knowledge, and familiarity with source codes. The abstract clearly explicates how due to alterations in the dynamic market, it is essential for a multi talented manager to deal with updates and modifications. In return, they increment their skills and add programming and web technology to their skills. Programming argument The overall concept of this argument is that programming skills will eventually improve project management team analysis’s and enhance the management decision-making which results in better management. According to statistics, approximately one out of five people in the U.S. population have to deal with programming issues and program writing. In the long run, everyone will eventually need to learn some type of programming regardless the field their affiliated with. Programming Simplicity and Programming and language problems This Section explains how the basis of programming hasn’t really changed for nearly fifty years; perhaps a few words here and there have been changed, but in essence programming has been kept pretty simple. For example, a program is a set of instructions telling the computer what to do. Programming consists of three foundations, Sequence, decision-making, and repetition. These steps are known as the control flow. A waterfall can be used as an example to have a better understanding of what programming really is. A waterfall that starts at the top and flows directly to the bottom is the sequential control flow, where there is only one path. If the water reaches a point where it will change its direction, this point is referred to as decision. When the flow returns to the top, Software engineering Focuses on how an overabundance in programming resulted in web chaos and anarchy. This eventually led to software engineering paradigms. This was in essence a software crisis. Y2k Compliance Managers who had insufficient knowledge of programming and other technological aspects had caused a drawback in the authority of managers. Not only did programmers instruct managers on what to do, but programmers with no managerial training were running the show. WEB CHAOS, SPAM, SPIM SPIT Refocuses on how you can regulate and prevent web disasters from occurring.

Different Wars, Similar Outcome

Wars that lay buried in history and wars present in the world today unite through the most common and blatant reality of war: violence resulting in imminent death. Literature often presents different perspectives of these wars that ultimately tie together and bring forth the actuality of war. Timothy Findley's The Wars and Wilfred Owen's â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est† present a precise example of different pieces of literature that connect through the common theme of war. The Wars and â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est† offer the unconcealed and harsh violence of war and through vivid imagery, these authors depict life at war. Additionally, both of these works contain the four basic elements of life – earth, water, fire, and air – to reveal that these four basic elements can represent death as well. Moreover, the theme of appearance versus reality impacts both works profoundly through the ruthless truth of war as compared to the credulous beliefs of war. Through these ways, a novel and a poem unify to unveil the truth about war and convince audiences of the violent reality of warfare. The violent nature of war is visibly illustrated in both The Wars and â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est†.Could Cold War Have Been Avoided? Death, the impending result of such violence, is an underlying theme that highlights both literary works and assists audiences in grasping the severe veracity of war itself. In Findley's The Wars, death assists in emphasizing the overall violence imprinted by the war. â€Å"Half an hour later, Rodwell wandered into No Man's Land and put a bullet through his ears. † (Findley, 135) Similarly, Owen's â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est† incorporates death to underline the extreme violence caused by war, when in line 15 and 16, the author watches in his â€Å"helpless sigh [as] he plunges at [him], guttering, choking, and drowning. (Owen, 15, 16) The presence of violence is also evident in both works between characters and victims of war. Robert Ross, the main character from The Wars, experiences this violence firsthand when, alone and defenceless, he experiences the brutality of war through rape. â€Å"His legs were forced apart so far he thought they were going to be broken. Mouths began to suck at his privates. Hands and fingers probed and poked at every part of his body. Someone struck him in the face. † (Findley, 174) In Owen's poem, this brutality is described through the â€Å"white eyes† of the â€Å"writhing† victim of the war (Owen, 19). His hanging face, like a devil's sick of sin; if [one] could hear, at every jolt, the blood come gargling from the forth-corrupted lungs†¦ † (Owen, 20-22) This dramatic picture painted by both authors displays the terrible and violent effects of war as well as the fatal outcome violence trails behind. The violent results of war are represented through the use of the four elements of life in both works – earth, water, fire, and air. Both Findley and Owen describe the devastating outcome that these four elements that usually symbolize life can bring. Fire implies deep suffering and overall destruction in the battlefield, and as The Wars narrates, fire can become a damaging weapon. â€Å"The nights lit up with flames of a terrible new weapon†¦ it was something called a flame thrower†¦ fire storms raged along the front. Men exploded where they stood†¦ homes fell with their bones on fire†¦ She believed her country was being destroyed by fire. † (Findley, 131-132, 136) Likewise, â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est† describes fire as â€Å"haunting flares† and as damaging â€Å"like a man in fire†(Owen, 3, 12). Fire, however, differs greatly from the earth, which embodies a trap in combat that slowly confines its victims. In The Wars, earth is portrayed as a grave in which its victims â€Å"drowned in mud. Their graves, it seemed, just dug themselves and pulled down. † (Findley, 70) Correspondingly, Owen's portrayal of soldiers crossing through this earth is a picture painted with hardships, violence, and suffering. â€Å"Bent double, like old beggars undersacks, knock-kneed, coughing like hags, we cursed through the sludge†¦ any had lost their boots, but limped on, blood-shod. † (Owen, 1-2, 5-6) Another element that forms a part of war is water and through Owen's depiction, audiences can see how this element can serve as a life-ending source. † As under a green sea, [he] saw him drowning. † (Owen, 14) The Wars also demonstrates that water can be a powerful element that is capable of engulfing completely its surroundings during times of conflict and war. â€Å"On either side, the ditches are filled with fetid water. Everything is waterlogged. Even bits of grass won't float. (Findley, 69) The final element used in both The Wars and â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est† is air and in both works, this holds great value and significance. Owen illustrates that during war, air can serve as a deadly killer that tragically ends one's life. â€Å"Gas! GAS! Quick boys! – An ecstasy of fumbling fitting the clumsy helmets just in time†¦ through the misty panes†¦ I saw him drowning†¦ guttering, choking, drowning. † (Owen, 9-10, 13, 14, 16) The Wars also portrays the fatalities that the usual life-nourishing air can bring forth in times of fighting and loss. â€Å"The smoke from the brazier burned his eye s. He was fearful of the fumes from the coke. Men had died in their sleep down the line in a dugout with no ventilation. (Findley, 90) When all these four elements of life are brought together during times of tension and wars, they can slowly, painfully, and tragically end lives. As seen in The Wars and â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est†, these elements possess enough power to kill the lives of many in just an instant in the battlefield, leaving behind nothing more than fallen corpses and overall suffering. Wars and battles signify great suffering along with substantial loss. Findley and Owen successfully represent these two major themes of war and more importantly, both works are able to illustrate the most unforeseen theme of war: appearance versus reality. Owen flawlessly exemplifies this theme by revealing the cold reality of war and the violence that is â€Å"obscene as cancer, bitter as the cud. † (Owen, 23) â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est† brings forth the powerful message that the realities of war are far more destructive than thought by anyone before and if people knew of the unrestrained truth, â€Å"[they] would not tell with such high zest the old lie: dulce et decorum est pro patria mori. (Owen, 26-28) This saying, that it is sweet and right to die for your own country, is viewed as a lie to the author's eyes most likely because he knows the cruel reality of war and not the much talked about and happy reality of war. This happier reality of war is portrayed in The Wars through Robert and his desire to go to war, thinking it was an e scape. â€Å"Robert envied him because he could go away when this was over and surround himself with space. † (Findley, 19) What looked like an escape from the violent death of Robert's sister, however, was in reality a doorway to a brutal path of violence resulting in his own demise. The open space this character dreamed about became his prison and later on lead to his violent death. â€Å"There were flames all around him†¦ looking down at Robert after the flames had been extinguished, he was barely able to recognize that Robert had a face† (Findley, 192). Robert as well as the character in â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est† both see the charm of war melt before their eyes and both come to the realization from first-hand experience the cruel realities of war. The callous reality of war is seen throughout the world, whether it is represented through present day wars or wars that complete part of history. Literature presents diverse viewpoints of war that unite through extreme violence resulting in significant deaths. Owen's â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est† and Findley's The Wars portray ideal examples of literature connected through the lucid actuality of war. Both works provide a vivid and gruesome description of the massive violence perceived in war. This immense violence carried out in war is represented through the four elements of life – earth, water, fire, and air – which are characterized in the battlefield of each literary work as elements that represent death as well. Furthermore, the theme of appearance versus reality influences both The Wars and â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est† intensely through the cruel truth of war as compared to the unsuspecting and naive beliefs of war. Overall, both literary works serve their purpose in depicting the horrid reality about war and both accurately portray the war in a way that audiences can clearly see the violent actuality of war. Unknowingly, these two pieces of literature connect and foil one another in the description of wars and their violent veracity.

Effectiveness Ultrasound Tens Osteoarthritis Knee Health And Social Care Essay

spliff genus chronic arthritis is perceived as the approximately common and unsafe chronic arthritis. Besides, this is referred to as the closely common cause of check in the United States of America, ( Eustice 2008 ) . knee joint chronic arthritis is a state of affairs of aftermath from weakening of articular gristle. Articular gristle is the soft coating whose intent is to compreh determination the terminal of the leg castanetss where they convene underneath the articular gristle c t turn up ensembleed Subchondral b wiz. seek has identify that articular gristle deteriorates due to a figure of circumstanceors including moreover non control to everyplace-the-hill spliff genus hurt, insistent strain on the marijuana cig atomic number 18tte genus, breaks, ligament tear, and muscular hurt which mint impact everyiance and promote sham and tear. Geneticss which make rough people very much ilkly to develop reefer genus chronic arthritis and jobs with subchondral borne or the bone bed underneath gristle. question besides runs that of reefer genus chronic arthritis develops bit by bit and its symptoms implicate b early(a)ation which is moderate, mild or terrible, stiffness, express mail scope of gesture in the juncture genus and localised puffiness. Most look findings bewilder that junction genus chronic arthritis merchantman non be cured tho that there ar interpolations available which terminate be utilize to pull off cut tidy internality the symptoms. These reportedly involve euphonys with Datril, non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug drugs and opioid analgetic medicines availed to those who need so employ stronger painful sensation alleviation. Scientists use X raies to name stifle OA is said to be the lone peculiar(prenominal) ladder required in intimately slips. Trans-ceutaneous nervus stimulus or curative sonography ( US ) has been discovered to be so reactive in go on effectuality of use on pain in t he neck, map, sinew strength and quality of life for reefer genus chronic arthritis. Research by pupils in United States of America afford that 40 five patients with the junction genus OA analyze were answerant divided into three stochastic groups. Those in the first group were uncovered to trans-cutaneous galvanizing nervus stimulation with dilettantish affectionateness and utilisation their opposite poesy in the 2nd group reportedly accredited ultrasonography with trivial combust and practice Group three acted as controls ( supporter heat and exerci mouth ) . Research unfolds that result steps were so include as ocular parallel gradatory table, a 20 metre walk trial lequesne index, WOMAC shops isokinetic musculus proving. After this, in all intervention groups, physical modes were reportedly carried forbidden for 15 Sessionss. word groups were subjected to six hebdomads of exercising plan.FOCUSED CLINICAL QuestionDoes trans-cutaneous electric nervus st imulation or curative or revolutionary sound profit the effectivity of exercising for stick genus chronic arthritis? thick OF explore best(p) differentiate appraised, and Key FindingssTwo terms were selected to supply surmount ground rough the subject. The first article is by Vladimir ( 2010 ) and it describes TENS as one of the most normally utilize electro analgesia and that 100s of clinical studies embody refering the practice session of TENS for assorted types of conditions including that of degenerative arthritis. However, the really article unfolds failings involved in utilizing TENS and these include It should non be used in patients with a artificial pacemaker particularly of the demand type. Should non be used during gestation because it may bring on premature labourTENS is non applicable to carotid fistulas due to hazards of acute hypotension finished a vasovagal physiological reaction. It should non be placed over anterior cervix because laryngospasm due to laryngeal musculus contraction may bechance The electrodes should non be placed in an body politic of centripetal damage like in instances of nervus lesions, neuropathies ) where possibility of Burnss exist and TENS building block should be used carefully in patients with spinal cord stimulator or an intrathecal warmness The 2nd article was extracted from plants of Brims ( 2009 ) who set that much as TENS is good in alleviating nuisance, it has whatever uncomely do among which are a possibility to go addicted in that it, a patient will gibe to make more of the TENS in come in to acquire to the comparable placement.As an musing made, it has been identified that TENS is one and in fact the extremely recommended no healthful b former(a)(a)wise alleviating agent of the musculuss non yet of the OA but plane in the back pain. At the similar clip, it has been identified that TENS has got swindle approachs which I count are in most instances cut by doctors though obvious to them. If the recitation of TENS does merely reduces pain but does non end or retard the acceleration of b another(prenominal)ation to the close that the expiration of operation program of TENS is the resumption to further pain in the ass, so it would non be recommended. Alternatively, it would be easier to use opposite agencies like articulatio genus replacing or any other possible options besides TENS and this would enable a patient to acquire alleviation from support TENS and US activities.CLINICAL BOTTOM statementAll the enquiry findings identified gift that articulatio genus degenerative arthritis is a strong infection without any agencies of remedy. However investigate findings merely identify that the status of a patient with Knee degenerative arthritis merchant ship merely be improved through usage of assorted drugs including but non limited to non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs among many other drugs and application of trans-cutaneous electrical s timulation. On the same note, Brims ( 2009 ) identifies that taking pain medicine sums to minify of the hurting but can be habit-forming and will construct up a tolerance in one s system implying that a patient needs to own an increasing sum of the hurting medicine in enact to acquire the same consequence. Pain medicine is said to extinguish hurting but is besides said to be passing and hence can hold prejudicial tenacious term effects. Cortsone trunkss can be every effectual at relieving the hurting brought approximately by terrible articulatio genus degenerative arthritis but it is said to merely be a impermanent ambush and that the consequence will decline as conditions wear out.SEARCH STRATEGYFootings used to steer Search Strategya? Ultrasound which is referred to as a touch that uses high frequence sound waves to weigh internal variety meats and produce images of a human organic structure ( inwardness medical art 2011 )a? Trans-cutaneous electrical stimulation a? Knee degenerative arthritis which is a status ensuing from deterrent of articular gristlea? The causes of articulatio genus degenerative arthritis. These can be traced from the causes of harm in the articular gristle which include but non limited to old articulatio genus hurts and insistent articulatio genus strivingsThe effectivity of ultrasound and trans-cutaneous electrical stimulation in bettering articulatio genus degenerative arthritis as taken from a consideration of a ergodicized scene by Eyigor s. demoing how the effectivity of exercising for articulatio genus degenerative arthritis can be increase by trans-cutaneous electrical stimulation and ultrasoundThe difference between bettering articulatio genus degenerative arthritis hurting and bring arounding articulatio genus degenerative arthritis Harmonizing to research findings accessed, genu joint osteoarthritis hurting can be improved but non healed. The gradual procedure that is said to take to knee degenerative arthrit is must be perceived as a non changeling able status in that when a simple break develops into articulatio genus degenerative arthritis, there are no opportunities of retrieving from the complication. put back 1Databases and sites searched Search Footings Limits usedOsteoarthritis of the knee-orthogate-improving orthopedic attentionEustice ( 2008 ) Knee degenerative arthritis, what you need to cognizeDaniel Sims ( 2009 ) Severe knee osteoarthritis-ways to cut down the hurtingEyig, et Al. ( 2005 ) the beat out exercising to better conditions of patients with OAVladimir ( 2010 ) , the significance of TENS and its penetrationsWatders ( 2006 ) spry reactions in utilizing TENS to a patient inclusion and EXCLUSION CRITERIAa? Inclusion The extent to which trans-cutaneous electrical stimulation and ultrasound can be helpful in bettering the status of a patient with articulatio genus degenerative arthritis compared to other ways of cut pour down hurting caused by degenerative arthritis o f the articulatio genus. Other inclusions were the symptoms of articulatio genus degenerative arthritis which include hurting, swelling and stiffening of the articulatio genus among others.a? Exclusion The research neer considered other options of covering with knee degenerative arthritis like articulatio genus replacing because it would misdirect the research effecter in pull digression the selective information pertaining to the design of the researchRESULTS OF SEARCHThere are six applicable surveies obtained for this subjectThe survey was designed to research whether TENS is so effectual in bettering the articulatio genus degenerative arthritis infection. The survey was a achievement holding used the findings of Research by pupils in United States of America who unfold that 40 five patients with the articulatio genus OA analyze were consecutive divided into three random groups. Those in the first group were opened to trans-cutaneous electrical nervus stimulation with super ficial heat and exercising their opposite numbers pool in the 2nd group reportedly received ultrasound with superficial heat and exercising Group three acted as controls ( ace heat and exercising ) . Research unfolds that result steps were so include as ocular parallel gradational table, a 20 metre go trial lequesne index, WOMAC shops isokinetic musculus proving. Following this, in each and every one of the intervention groups, physical modes were allegedly conducted for 15 Sessionss. Treatment groups were subjected to six hebdomads of exercising plan. These findings were compared with findings by other research workers about TENS which had unfavorable judgments launch that TENS was non perfect as it hard both(prenominal) unbecoming long-run effectsBest EvidenceThe undermentioned study/ cover were identified as the best grounds and selected for critical assessment Daniel Brims ( 2009 ) , Carol Eustice ( 2008 ) and Traits & A Mosey ( 2008 ) . Reasons for choosing these s urveies were All the four were relevant to the research. All the four documents had intimations on the human relationship between TENS and Osteoarthritis knee hurting to the extent that one of them ( for Brims ) hard a photographic position of the job that was study One of the surveies included a instance of patients who were tried with TENS to detect its effectivity and others had information sing the pros and cons of utilizing TENS All the articles were reviewed and recommended for public usage.SUMMARY OF BEST EvidenceTable 3 Description and assessment of1. Daniel Sims ( 2009 ) Severe knee Osteoarthritis-Ways to cut down the hurting2. C. Eustice ( 2008 ) Knee Osteoarthritis What you need to cognize3. Traits & A Mosey ( 2008 ) Effectiveness of TENS and OA.Aim/ figure of the Study/Systematic Review1. The purpose of this survey was to happen out whether extremist sound and trans-cutaneous electrical stimulation can better esteoarthritis articulatio genus hurting2. The aim was to analyse the research findings about the effectivity of extremist sound and trans-cutaneous electrical stimulation in relation to betterment in degenerative arthritis articulatio genus hurting by different research workers. Study soma ( including scenes and participants ) The survey design was a achiever holding used the findings of Research by pupils in United States of America who unfold that 40 five patients with the articulatio genus OA diagnosing were consecutive divided into three random groups. Those in the first group were exposed to trans-cutaneous electrical nervus stimulation with superficial heat and exercising their opposite numbers in the 2nd group reportedly received ultrasound with superficial heat and exercising Group three acted as controls ( ace heat and exercising ) . Research unfolds that result steps were so included as ocular parallel graduated table, a 20 metre walking trial lequesne index, WOMAC shops isokinetic musculus testing and the short signifie r 36. After this, in all intervention groups, physical modes were reportedly carried out for 15 Sessionss. Treatment groups were subjected to six hebdomads of exercising plan. These findings were compared with findings by other research workers about TENS which had unfavorable judgments unveiling that TENS was non perfect as it hard some inauspicious long-run effectsResult MEASURES1. When TENS and US are used to better conditions ensuing from Osteoarthritis, a patient improves but does non acquire healed. Harmonizing to some findings accessed, it has been identified that there are long term inauspicious effects aboard the usage of TENS hence TENS was non recognized as a perfect non medicative application towards OA by some writers yet it was recommended by others.2. The effectivity of TENS was measured from research findings by some pupils which involved three groups of patients upon which TENS was tested and it worked3. On the other manus, the ineffectualness of TENS was identifie d holding identified the long-run inauspicious effects alongside it.Consequence1. Amidst the surveies the findings accessed, it is laborious to believe that TENS and US can be used to absolutely better hurting of a patient with OA due to the inauspicious effects yet it can non be recommended to reason establishing on the findings that the experiment is good. What is of import nevertheless is to sensitise patients about the pros and cons of utilizing TENS and US so that it becomes their ain enterprises to take on the slump place2. On the other manus, it would be good if the usage of other drugs is promotedAUTHORS Decision1. TENS and US can work efficaciously if done addictively but at the same clip it is good to germinate the patients about the pros and cons of utilizing TENS and US before their applicationCritical Appraisal ( Validity )1. base on the experimnt by Eustice ( 2008 ) Trans-cutaneous electrical stimulation and ultrasound are so muscular in bettering the conditions of a patient with OA hurtingHowever harmonizing to Daniel Sims, TENS should be applied sing the side long-run inauspicious effects?INTERPRETATION OF RESULTSComparing Eusten s and Brims assertations and findings, the usage of Trans-cutaneous electrical stimulation should be to the dependable people, in appropriate conditions and establishing on right determinationsExecution FOR PRACTICEThe deductions of the surveies and findings indicate that TENS organism a powerful no medicative hurting stand-in can be used but the usage of drugs could be the top most precedence.